Motivation Essay Essay

Civil Engineering is my passion and a very important part of my life. From the very beginning of my school life I was intrigued in various types of structures and its complication from engineering side. In time this desire was growing and I start being interested in construction processes and especially in different structural solutions. My mind was overfilled with questions such as how process of construction design runs, what are the reasons why some of structures sustain more loads while other ones collapse affected with lower loads. So I dedicated my post-secondary education to search the answers which allows me to understand how the engineering science works. And I made the right decision by choosing Civil Engineering studies. It was a key which unlocked the right doors to get the answers that I needed. During my Bachelor studies I was interested in design branch and especially in Structural Design. It has admired me because of its complication and oneness. None of the other sphere requires such a wide range of knowledge and none of them is as universal engineering specialization as the Structural Design is. Furthermore, Structural Design studies in TU/e provide the possibility to do research project what is a chance to explore and gain understanding in the structural design of structures and the aspects of the design process. Due to these reasons I would like to take the Architecture, Building and Planning programme because one of its specializations is Structural Design. After taking decision that it is time to continue my education I started exploration of Western Europe universities and I found out that TU/e is the best option to fulfill my needs. TU/e is a great choice because of its objective to grow up creative, initiative and independent thinking experts. Furthermore, this university cooperates with international companies and universities and can offer many MSc programm es in English what demonstrates that TU/e is oriented towards exchanging international knowledge and experience. The other aspect I chose TU/e is its worldwide reputation and ranking among world’s top technical universities. This fact enthuse me and it would be such an honour to study in one of the best Technical universities in the world and get lots of knowledge from authoritative and meritorious professors. Furthermore, TU/e is well known because of its research institutes and that students are taking responsibility of impressive projects. Young engineers have a chance to express their creativity and innovation. I believe that opportunity to  participate in educational life of such an outstanding university is an ambition of all engineers. In conclusion, the facts such as great rankings among the world’s best technical universities, high level professors and leading position in research inspired me to take MSc programme in TU/e. I have no doubts I made the right decision. The master’s studies of chosen programme are the best way to seek the goals of my career. I believe in it due to the circumstance that there are a lot of educated but not enough experienced engineers in Lithuania. So only the best of them are able to compete for the most sought-after and perspective positions. Whereas I am ambitious person I want to become one of the most professional, desirable and promising engineer for engineering companies. So I would like to continue purposeful studies and to advance knowledge of my previous degree what could help me to perform in more professional way. Considering my personal features such as a strong will to learn and activity on taking participation in diverse educational projects I daresay that I will be adorable student for your university and your professors. Furthermore, I believe that I and these master’s studies we are great match due to the feature of my character that I cannot face up with myself when I have unsolved problems and the attribute of these studies to be challenging. This feature of my character shows that I will be persistent and committed student. With a foundation of academic knowledge and experience I gained during the years of my bachelor studies, I believe I am qualified for the Master’s degree of Architecture, Building and Planning, specialization Structural Engineering. I am convinced that TU/e will provide me with knowledge, experience and confidence for the future. I think that this programme matches perfectly with my academic expectations and offers the best way to make my goals come true.

Textile Dyes Biosorption Using Dead Fungal Biomass Environmental Sciences Essay

Over the past three decennaries or so the find and farther development of biosorption phenomena has gained impulse and has transformed the methods by the agencies of which waste H2O wastewater is treated to take pollutants and retrieve valuable resources present in these aqueous systems like dyes. Biosorption is going a promising alternate to replace or supplement the present dye remotion processes from fabric industries wastewater. This engineering has drawn the attending of industries as it is economically feasible and environmentally friendly. The position of scientific development of a engineering can be reflected through analyses of the literatures refering to it, in this reappraisal, we qualitatively examine about all facets of biosorption research through research articles and other reappraisal documents. We have fundamentally focused on biosorption of textile dyes utilizing dead fungous biomass obtained from autoclaved or inactivated Aspergillus Niger. Materials used, methodo logical analysiss used and informations obtained has been assimilated from literature cited below. Finally, we summarized the of import considerations of the current research on biosorption, the consequences and decisions obtained from the information, every bit good as the suggestions and our ideas and thoughts for its future waies. Introduction Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation all over the Earth has resulted in the coevals of big measures of aqueous wastewaters, many of which contain high degrees of toxic pollutants. Assorted physical, chemical and biological procedures are being employed to take pollutants from industrial effluents before discharge into the environment as in the instance of intervention of adsorbent pollutants like heavy metals and ionic dyes, nevertheless, most of the conventional intervention procedures, particularly chemical precipitation, curdling, activated Cs and the usage of ion-exchange rosins go less effectual and more expensive when the adsorbates are in a low concentration scope and their high cost and low efficiency and deficiency of practicality have limited their commercial usage in the field. Since any type of solid stuff has the capacity to absorb pollutants to some grade, a figure of industrial inorganic wastes, such as ash, or natural inorganic stuffs like clay, man-made stuffs, e very bit good as, populating or inanimate biomass/biomaterials, have been investigated as inexpensive adsorbents capable of replacing the well-known, but more expressive 1s as their cost is low and efficiency is higher and the biosorbants can be regenerated, and the possibility of dye recovery following surface assimilation biomass-based adsorbents or biosorbents as they are normally called, are the most attractive options to physical and chemical procedures. The usage of biosorbents for the remotion of toxic pollutants or for the recovery of valuable resources from aqueous waste Waterss is one of the most recent developments in environmental or bioresource engineering. Biosorption of dyes has become a popular environmentally driven research subject, and is one of the most sought after procedures in the modern twenty-four hours where bioremediation is cardinal in continuing the environment for future coevalss. Bohumil Volesky, a innovator in the field, defined ‘biosorption â⠂¬Ëœ as the belongings of certain biomolecules ( or types of biomass ) to adhere and concentrate selected ions or other molecules from aqueous solutions. Biosorption by dead biomass ( or by some molecules and/or their active groups ) is inactive and occurs chiefly due to the ‘affinity ‘ between the biosorbent and adsorbate. Types of Biomass or Biomaterials: Pollutants like metals and dyes can be removed by surface assimilation by populating micro-organisms, but can besides be removed by dead biomass. Surveies on practicality in the field for large-scale applications have demonstrated that biosorptive procedures utilizing dead biomass is much more feasible option than the procedures that use populating biomass, since the latter require a alimentary supply and complicated bioreactor systems. Plus the usage of dead biomass eliminates the care of a healthy microbic population, and the other environmental factors like temperature and pH of the solution being treated. Dye recovery is besides limited in life cells since these may be bound intracellularly. Therefore maintaining these factors in head, attending has been focused on the usage of dead biomass as biosorbents. As mentioned above, dead biomass has advantages over life micro-organisms. A intercrossed procedure can besides be employed which uses both de ad and living biomass so as to increase the efficiency of biosorption. However, we have chosen to concentrate on individual biosorption processes in this reappraisal and to avoid treatment of intercrossed procedures combined with biosorption. The first major challenge faced is to choose the most promising types of biomass from an highly big pool of readily available and cheap biomaterials. To streamline this when taking biomass, for on field or industrial utilizations, the chief factor to be taken into history is its handiness and bargain rate. Therefore maintaining these factors in head, native biomass can come from ( I ) industrial wastes free of charge ; ( two ) organisms easy gettable in big sums in nature ; and ( three ) organisms that can be grown rapidly and which can be cultivated easy. A wide scope of biomass types have been tested for their biosorptive capacities under assorted conditions at this point in clip, but there are no bounds to geographic expedition of new biomas s types holding low cost and high efficiency. Biosorptive capacities of assorted biomass types have been quantitatively compared in many reappraisal documents. Biosorbents chiefly fall into the undermentioned classs: bacteriums, Fungis, algae, industrial wastes, agricultural wastes, natural residues, and other biomaterials. Quantitative comparing of the 100s of biosorbents reported therefore far is non possible hence informations from assorted documents that have done these types of comparings of biosorptive capacities of assorted biosorbents for assorted pollutants were used. It should be noted that the biosorptive capacity of a certain type of biosorbent depends on its pretreatment methods, every bit good as, on experimental conditions like pH and temperature. When comparing biosorptive capacities of biosorbents we consider it for a mark pollutant, hence, the experimental informations should be carefully considered in visible radiation of these factors. After taking a signifier of inexpensive and abundant biomass, the biosorbent capableness for taking a mark pollutant can be derived through simple chemical and/or physical method ( s ) . New biosorbents can be manipulated for better efficiency and for multiple reuses to increase their economic attraction, compared with conventional adsorbents like ion-exchange rosins or activated Cs. Class Examples Bacterias Gram-positive bacteriums ( Bacillussp. Corynebacteriumsp. , etc ) Gram-negative bacteriums ( Es-cherichia sp. , Pseudomonas sp ) blue-green algae. Alga Micro-algae ( Clorella sp. , Chlamydomonas sp. , etc ) macro-algae ( green seaweed ( Enteromorpha sp. ) brown seaweed ( Sargassum sp. ) and ruddy seaweed ) Industrial Wastes Agitation wastes, food/beverage wastes, activated sludges, anaerobiotic sludges, etc. Fungus kingdoms Molds ( Aspergillus sp. , Rhizopus sp. Etc. ) mushrooms ( Agaricus sp. , Trichaptum sp. Etc. ) And Yeast. Agricultural Wastes Fruit/vegetable wastes, rice straws, wheat bran, soya bean hulls, etc. Natural residues Plant residues, sawdust, tree barks, weeds, etc. Others Chitosan-driven stuffs, cellulose-driven stuffs, etc. Table 1: Different type of biosorbents. Mechanisms of Pollutants Removal by Biosorbents: There are many types of biosorbents derived from bacteriums, Fungis, barms, and algae ( Table 1 ) . The complex construction of these implies that there are many ways, by which these biosorbents remove assorted pollutants, but these are yet to be to the full understood. Therefore, there are many chemical/functional groups that can pull and sequester pollutants, depending on the pick of biosorbent. These can dwell of amide, aminoalkane, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, imine, iminazole, sulfonate, sulfhydryl, thioether, phenolic, phosphate, and phosphodiester groups. However, the presence of some functional groups does non vouch successful biosorption of pollutants, as steric, conformational, or other barriers may besides be present. The importance of any given group for biosorption of a certain pollutant by a certain biomass depends on assorted factors, including the figure of reactive sites in the biosorbent, handiness of the sites, chem ical province of the sites ( i.e. handiness ) , and affinity between the sites and the peculiar pollutant of involvement ( i.e. adhering strength ) . The apprehension of the mechanisms by which biosorbents take pollutants is really of import for the development of biosorption procedures for the concentration, remotion, and recovery of the pollutants from aqueous solutions, besides on the footing of these mechanisms alterations can be made on the biomass so as to increase the adsorption-desorption capacity of it. When the chemical or physiological reactions happening during biosorption are known, the rate, measure, and specificity of the pollutant consumption can be manipulated through the specification and control of procedure parametric quantities. Biosorption of metals or dyes occurs chiefly through interactions such as ion exchange, complexation, and surface assimilation by physical forces, precipitation and entrapment in interior infinites. Conventional diagram for treating different Biosorption mechanisms types of native biomass into biosorbents. Recovery and Regeneration: One of the of import grounds why biosorption is favoured over conventional procedures is due to the recovery of pollutant from the biosorbent and coincident regeneration of the biosorbent for reuse which makes it economically feasible for industries. In fact, the utility of a specific biomass as a biosorbent depends non merely on its biosorptive capacity, but besides on the easiness of its regeneration and reuse. However, most research workers have tended to concentrate merely on the biosorptive capacity of biosorbent tested, without consideration of the regeneration required for industrial applications. The adsorbate edge onto the surface of a biosorbent through metabolism-independent biosorption may be easy desorbed by simple non-destructive physical/chemical methods utilizing chemical eluants, but intracellularly bound adsorbate through metabolism-dependent bioaccumulation can be merely released by destructive methods like incineration or disintegration into strong acids or bases. If inexpensive biomass is used as a biosorbent for retrieving a certain pollutant, so destructive recovery would be economically executable. However, most attending to day of the month has focused on non-destructive desorption from the laden biosorbent. For this ground, the pick between life or dead biomass systems is of import because of the deduction for recovery. In many instances, dilute mineral acids or bases allow efficient desorption from the biosorbent, but they besides cause serious structural harm to the biosorbent itself, ensuing in a bead in the biosorptive capacity of the biosorbent following regeneration. Organic dissolvers such as ethyl alcohol can be besides used for desorbing organic pollutants such as dyes from the biosorbent. Sometimes heating or micro-cooking can help desorption with an eluant or mixture solution. As good, as antecedently mentioned, the solution pH will hold a strong influence on biosorption of a mark pollutant ; there fore, simple use of the pH of the desorbing solution should theoretically be a good method for regeneration of the biosorbent and recovery of the pollutant.FUNDAMENTAL REVIEWHow is the fabric wastewaters treated today? It is non easy to handle the wastewaters by the conventional biological and physico-chemical procedures, e.g. visible radiation, heat, wash and oxidising agents, used in regular intervention workss. That is because of the complexicity of the dyes aromatic molecular constructions. Adsorption is the most helpful physical procedure in the handling these dye waste Waterss. Today activated C is usually used for surface assimilation in many intervention workss. But the bring forthing costs for activated C is really high, there is a demand of an alternate stuff that is more cost capable. A low costs adsorbent is defined as one which is rich in nature or one that is produces as a by-product in another industry. There have been surveies on tonss of different natural stuffs as adsorbents in handling fabric wastewaters, for illustration proverb dust and agricultural wastes like wheat straw and maize hazelnut. Now biosorption is investigated as a method to absorb the wastewaters and different be ings handling different sorts of dyes are tested. Man-made dyes are widely used in fabric industries. As a consequence, about 10-20 % of the dyes are lost during the built-up and dyeing procedure, bring forthing big sums of dye-containing effluent. Largely dyes used are azo, anthraquinone and triphenylmethane dyes, categories is based on its chromophore.The white putrefaction Fungis are known to be really efficient for azo dye decolorization as assorted Aspergillus species, have been reported to bleach assorted dyes.Aspergillus NigerThe dye solution will be treated with inactivated Aspergillus Niger. A. Niger is a Fungi which has already been used industrially in bring forthing citric acid. Citric acid used to be produced by extraction from lemons and other citrous fruit fruits, but today microbic agitation is a loosely spread technique and about all citric acid is produced this manner. In these agitation industries A. Niger besides comes out as a waste merchandise which makes it suited for probes of the biosorption ability. A. Nige r is a dark colored Fungis ( see Figure a and B ) that could be seen at decomposing nutrient and is so called black cast. It is largely fruits and veggies that are affected by the cast, for illustration grape fruits, onions and peanuts. One should non bury when covering with the Fungi that it could do fungus diseases on both worlds and animate beings. Aspergillus Niger is a common saprophytic fungus in tellurian environments. If the cells of the Fungis are active they are easy affected by toxic compounds and chemicals in the waste H2O and they may so foul the environment by let go ofing toxins or propagules. Figure a: Aspergillus Niger turning Figure B: Onion with black cast on Czapek dox agar in a Petri dish.Dyes:On the whole a big many figure of dyes have been used by different research workers but it is non possible to show the information for all the dyes which were tested therefore in this reappraisal we have concentrated on a few dyes which are most normally used by the fabric industries. Direct Blue 199 Acid Blue 29 Basic Blue 9 Dispersed ruddy 1 Table 2: Different types of dyes. Culture Conditionss and Microorganism: Aspergillus niger pellets were used to obtain the paramorphic signifiers of A. oryzae. Pure civilization was maintained on alimentary beef agar medium at 4 & A ; deg ; C or were grown in potato-dextrose stock at pH 5.6, 29  ± 1 C on the shaker. After seven yearss, when monogenesis occurred, the biomass was autoclaved at 121 C, 103.42 kPa for 45 min in order to kill the fungous biomass ( figure degree Celsius ) . The biomass was separated by filtrating the growing medium through Whatman No. 1 paper after rinsing the fungous biomasses it will dried at 80 C for 20 h. The quantification of fungous biomass was carried out utilizing a additive standardization between volumes of fungous pelletized civilization and its several dry weight. The concentration found may hold suffered minor alterations, accordingly to the processs made during its paramorphogenesis. Figure degree Celsius: Biosorbent powderedBiosorption ExperimentsExperiments were conducted 30 milliliter of the dye solution at an orbital shaking of 120 cycles/min. The temperature and pH conditions were varied for the different experiments The estimative biomass ( autoclaved ) for entire remotion of the dyes were calculated at three different pH values ( 2.50 ; 4.50, and 6.50 ) After the choice of the better pH ( 2.50 ) , the dye solutions were equipped with the same dye concentration. Therefore, the solutions were inoculated with A. niger pellets ( mg mL?1 ) acquiring through different biomass concentration. Samples were withdrawn at specified interval of clip to supervise dye surface assimilation by UV-VIS ( Scanning was performed between 300 and 800 nanometer ) spectrophotometer at the optical density upper limit of the several dye.

Short written assingment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short written assingment - Assignment Example Convened on November 20, 2013, the meeting was developed to touch on issues related to the use of intellectual property. The meeting took place between 11:30 am and 1:30 pm at the Offices of Greenberg Traurig, 4 Embarcadero Center, Suite 3000 in Francisco. The meeting was under the sponsorship of Greenberg Traurig. The main issue under discussion was â€Å"The latest in E-music issues.† The speaker during the meeting was the Intellectual property litigator, William Coats. He is an accomplished professional in matters related to trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks, and patents. He is quite conversant with dispute issues related to intellectual property especially relating to the movie, electronic as well as computer industries. Bill discussed a number of issues with the participants that gave them insight on various issues related to E-commerce. He focused more on the limitations and the provisions of intellectual property laws but never missed points related to the usability of e-commerce. Firstly, he talked about the utilization of advertising in the internet using the classical songs that were developed before 1972. Secondly, he talked about the legislations that were underway that could have an impact on e-commerce. Thirdly, he gave an insight on the use of small music clips without necessarily seeking for a license. Fourthly, he put into perspective the issue of using electronic signature when giving the rights to use the music, while considering the underlying the effects on e-commerce. Fifthly, he talked about the intellectual property rights that are likely to affect the use and sale of E-music. Finally, he talked about the fight against e-commerce by labels that have fought to have sale of music t hrough the internet disallowed. The meeting was geared towards sensitizing the committee on the possibilities and limitations of e-commerce as it relates to music. Intellectual priority was given the top priority while the laws that govern trade and

Managing in Mix Economy National Rail in the United Kingdom Essay

Managing in Mix Economy National Rail in the United Kingdom - Essay Example The organisation has the responsibility of the safety and well being of more than six million people travelling by railways from one part of the country to the other. The company mainly aims at keeping passengers safe and secure in their journey. This is also considered as the mission of the company. It strives hard to provide best possible services to the people of the United Kingdom who travel by train. It has been observed that the company has the vision of providing policing excellence in the country by doing the best possible work in their limit. It further believes that it is vital to have a safer environment so that people can move around freely without any fear (British Transport Company, 2013[2]). In this regard, the company engages highly trained officials who work for it 24X7 for the railway community and the millions of passengers all across the country. Moreover, the company also has certain values that it provides much importance. It has been learnt that all the passeng ers as well as the staff of the company are treated with high respect and provided equal opportunity with minimal partiality. The workers or the officers are provided with a considerably good working environment where they can perform to the utmost level of their capabilities (British Transport Company, 2013[3]). Apart from this aspect, the company is also quite strict to any kind of harassment, bullying or victimisation among their staffs and officers. It respects all communities and builds strong relationships with people of all kind irrespective of their origin and community. This enables it to get respect and trust from the people of all corners of the British society. The organisation aims to develop a workforce that can be able to depict the community they serve. It has been noticed that openness and honesty are the key aspects of the company and it strictly adheres to it (British Transport Company, 2013[4]). British Transport Police has certain strategic plans in order to ens ure that it delivers the best possible services to the people of the country. The objectives of the organisation change after every three years of its operations. For the year ranging from 2011 to 2014, the objective of the company is focused on helping the rail system of the country to run smoothly and in the safest possible environment. Continuous improvement in their operations is also among the major objectives of the company for the coming years. Apart from these, there are also certain policy plans of it that is developed every year. These policies depict its approach on how it would balance both the national as well as the local needs of the country. It has been noted that both the strategic and the policy plans of the organisation are its building blocks upon which it strives for its success. The workforce of the organisation comprises officers of different designations which include chief officers, specialists units and behind the scene support staff among others. Altogethe r the organisation has 2909 efficient officers who constantly provide effective performance for it

Hervey Dunns and the Indian artwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hervey Dunns and the Indian artwork - Essay Example Regarding movement, both artists have directed the viewers’ eyes across their artwork. The artists have showed direction and action in the manner through which they direct the movement of eyes across the artwork. The artists have utilised rhythm in the manner they direct the movement of the eyes across the artwork. Rhythms are displayed in the way the elements are arranged in the artwork. The artists organised the elements in an orderly manners, such that, the artists follow the elements in an orderly manner. Hervey Dunn’s art displays a unity design, where everything works, or fits together as a team. The Unity design is highlighted through continuity, where the alignment of the shape and figures ensures that a viewer moves from one part to another in a definite order. Proximity is another unity design elements, all the parts of the art are grouped together, clustered, and enclosed into sets. The art displays harmony, where related materials, colours, and textures are used. The unity design is brought about by harmony, whereby, the related colours and materials are utilised in the elements, such as flowers. In the Indian artwork, the unity is displayed through proximity; the elements of the artwork are grouped together. About the colour, Hervey Dunn and the Indian artwork utilises hue that is, they use primary colours. In chroma, the intensity of the colour in the images can be characterised as bright. The colour value of the image as light, with the intensity of the hue, such as, red, yellow, etc.

Data Collection for Subprime Mortgages for a dissertation Essay

Data Collection for Subprime Mortgages for a dissertation - Essay Example nal Bureau of Economic Research, describing the large scale impact caused by the financial market crisis in the year 2007, which was by far the largest financial shock since the Great Depression. The magnitude of the crisis could be comprehended by the widespread damage caused on the markets as well as other financial institutions which were the core of the financial system. Information about various aspects of subprime mortgage such as meaning & definition, the developments in sub prime financing for understanding various factors behind sudden substantial deterioration in subprime markets and its extensive impact on the broader financial markets, effect of widespread distribution of exposure to subprime debt on the financial markets, behavior of subprime borrowers in relation to loans with high default rates, etc could be found in the annual report published by The Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (2007). This report could be accessed from (http://www.frbsf.org/publications/federalreserve/annual/2007/subprime.pdf) The report on â€Å"Analysis of Subprime Mortgage Servicing Performance† (Feb, 2008) by the State Foreclosure Prevention Group also contains vital information on servicers of subprime mortgage loans, description on the State Working Group, as well as key findings on issues such as loss mitigation option in case of delinquent borrowers, increase in use of loan modifications and other home retention options by servicers, payment resets on hybrid ARMs, state of the refinance options etc. This report could be accessed from: Primary sources of data collection or interviews would not be a feasible option in this case since the sheer magnitude and quantity of the data required for this type of research would make data collection from primary sources extremely time consuming and expensive. Moreover, primary sources of data collection would not be able to capture the essential outcomes required in this type of research. The type of data collection should

The Order and Robert Mathews, its history Term Paper

The Order and Robert Mathews, its history - Term Paper Example The Order (also known as Bruders Schweigen, or Silent Brotherhood) drew its members from the National Alliance, Aryan Nations, and various Klan splinter groups. As a blueprint for its "revolution," The Order relied upon William Pierces novel The Turner Diaries and many of the crimes for which Order members were convicted resembled terrorist acts described in the book. â€Å"Robert Jay Mathews, was born in Marfa, TX, United States on 16-Jan-1953,† (Robert Mathews). He was an average student in school and was interested in history and politics. The book called ‘Which Way Western Man?’ by William Gayley Simpson, attracted, and influenced him a lot. He was in absolute agreement with the content of the book, the dangers faced by the  white race, and he began an effort to attract white families. His ability to deliver attractive speeches received many standing ovations. Gradually he assembled a group of eight other men and formed a group which he called ‘Silent Brotherhood’, later known as ‘The Order’. The main aim of the Order was to establish an Autonomous White Homeland in the Northwest United States and also to fight against the Jewish supremacies. They engaged in different types of campaign to create the revolutionary structure required to gain White independence, and self-determination. As per the plan drafted by Mathews, the first aim of the gang was to find money for the operations. â€Å"In its first year, The Order began accumulating a war chest for its real-life revolution when three members stole $369 from a Spokane, Washington store. Soon thereafter the group launched a counterfeiting operation at the Aryan Nations compound in Hayden Lake, Idaho,. Before the end of 1983, Robert Matthews robbed the Seattle City Bank of $25,000†. Order members diverted police by exploding a bomb in a Seattle theater while other members robbed an armored car parked outside a department store, seizing $500,000.

Law and ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law and ethics - Essay Example In the case at bar, Jack is already a 72-year-old man, who is at the time of the incident, intoxicated or under the influence of alcohol. Hence, at that precise moment, he cannot validly give consent of refuse a medical treatment which can put his health at risk. Therefore, although Jack is considered a competent adult, the current situation he is into will endanger his life if he refuses to be given a medical treatment taking into consideration his old age. His present medical condition can lead to further complications which can only be prevented by a timely treatment shall to be administered to him. 2. It is important that doctors shall give an assurance that Jack’s condition is stable. A certification coming from a doctor that Jack is out of any danger will justify Jack’s wishes to be left at home and that he is on his way to recovery. In the case of Malette V Shulman, [1991] 2 Med LR 162, Donnelly J., highlights that â€Å"the right to refuse treatment was an inhe rent  component of the supremacy of the patient's right over his own body not  premised on the risks of refusal. ... Details of good medical practice and duties of a doctor can be found at the General Medical website, which can be viewed at . Although Jack is a competent adult who can decide what to do with his own body, it is important that the first priority is the health of Jack and ensure his speedy recovery. It is the duty and responsibility of the doctor to make the care of his patient the main concern. The best interest and welfare of the patient should come first. 11. Although Jack may demonstrate the capability to carry-out a normal conversation, the fact that he is intoxicated and on warfarin is an indication that his present medical condition is unstable. The doctors cannot rely on the decision of Jack to stay at home and refuse treatment because his right to self-determination is impaired and inaccurate. His irrational decision of choosing to stay at home which can lead to internal hemorrhage or blot clot in his head signifies that he is incompetent to make a sound decision to protect h imself. In the case of Re: C (Adult: Refusal of Treatment), [1994], the Supreme Court ruled that he legal test for competence is set out in Justice Thorpe's  decision. â€Å"First is the ability of the patient to comprehend and retain the information; and Secondly, believing  it and Thirdly, weighing it in the balance to arrive at a choice." Here, there is a clear indication that the patient cannot fully understand and comprehend the consequences of his actions and decisions because he is under the influence of drugs (warfarin) and alcohol. Therefore, it is the duty of the doctors and the people surrounding him to make an intelligent decision for Jack, which is to bring him to

Critical thinking Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical thinking - Case Study Example But this is it? Absolutely not. The industry has influenced many criminals to be what they are today (Helfgott). Also, the industry plays an important part blending negativity into our society (Canter). Giving success to absolutely ‘wrong’ people is what this industry is doing since very long. The conclusion is practically the same as the principle purpose of the story. The journalist says that the business is in the hands of wrong persons. Whats more if the same proceeds, the individuals who are affected by this will have a dull future. Even though this article was written over seventy-five years ago about the fledging movie industry, it seems that the arguments both in support of and opposed to the industry are similar to those being raised today. Just what are these arguments for and against regulating the movie industry? Are there any fallacies in the reasoning? Everything has its great or terrible focuses. When we discuss motion picture industry, a ton is occurring there, on and off. The entry, however an old one, depicts the current business and additionally very little is changed from that point forward in the event that we discuss the business itself. The business, however ought to see that a significant part of the crowd are grown-ups, as well as developing adolescents and kids too. Depicting a dull side of any viewpoint will make a negative effect on them (Myers). Corrupt situations could be made. It is the states obligation to control what ought to be made to seen and what ought to be edited. The state ought to likewise understand that if this industry is controlled and balanced out, it could make marvels, create neighborly and constructive vibes around the individuals who watch them. At the same time if this is not the situation, it could be our most exceedingly terrible bad dream. I agree to what is said here by the writer. He convinced me thoroughly when he highlighted both the negative and positive

A mid summer nights dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A mid summer nights dream - Essay Example You will find that the entire plot collapses, in the absence of that simple-looking character; the story has lost most of its punch and strength! What laurels did Puck bring to the play, without being an important member of the team and what are his strengths and weaknesses? The character of Puck in â€Å"A Mid Summer Nights Dream,† is falls into the above category. He is there through the entire plot of drama, as if what they call—from the cradle to the grave and from the womb to the tomb. He doesn’t occupy the front seat in the sequence of characters. Yet, he controls them all with his witticisms and tricks. There is not a single character in the play that is not affected by the tricks of Puck; some of them are ‘injured seriously,’ with the Puck’s humor blow. He hits them hard by the deft handling of the meandering situations/graphs in the drama. In the ‘politics’ of the drama, Puck is an important political worker, who pulls and controls the strings from behind the curtain. He creates confusing situations, but also has the pre-panned solutions. He articulates crisis but knows that every crisis is an opportunity to further the cause of the overall beauty of the drama. The audience falls in love with him instantly. He is perhaps aware, what all complications his pranks are going to create. He is a dynamic spirit, but at times, Puck’s dynamism proves to be destructive. Some of his actions should have invited legal actions—but unfortunately such legal provisions to govern the affairs of love, did no exist during the Shakespearean times! He commits the serious mistake of applying the love potion to Lysander instead of Demetrius, thus causing total confusion amidst the group of lovers. His transforming Bottom’s head into that of an ass is difficult to condone taking into consideration the problem s that it created for Bottom! This

London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth Essay Example for Free

London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth Essay Compare and contrast London by William Blake with Composed upon Westminster Bridge by William Wordsworth and show how each used his poetry to express his views about his life and times. Blake and Wordsworth both display different views and attitudes about the city of London in their poems. They both lived in the same era, Blake lived during the 18th and then on into the 19th century (1757- 1827) and Wordsworth also lived during the 18th and then on into the 19th century (1770- 1850). As the poems were alive in the same era of life they were both alive during the industrial revolution. This was a time when children of a very age were sent up chimneys and were made to sweep them clean. They were used because of their very small size. This turned Wordsworth and indeed Blake against London. They also didnt like other major cities in the country like Manchester, Birmingham and Liverpool. The main reason why they hated major cities, with London being the largest one was because they hated pollution. They both preferred the countryside and nature to the hustle and the bustle of Englands city environment. Both poets didnt really like what they saw around them. They were also both romantic poets. In the poem Composed upon Westminster Bridge, by William Wordsworth, the poet is expressing views towards London that are positive. This is unusual for Wordsworth as he normally was against the industrialisation of London. In the poem, Wordsworth is describing the early morning sight of London and in particular Westminster Bridge. He makes out that London looks as beautiful as the countryside without anyone awake and the major; air-polluting factories are empty and quiet. The beauty of the morning; silent, bare, Ships, towers, domes, theatres, and temples lie. A main reason, which turned both of the poets against London, was because of the factories and tall buildings, which were caused by industrialisation. They felt that it ruined the natural beauty that the country has. There is also use of different parts of speech, in particular personification. This city now doth, like a garment Also in the poem, which is a sonnet, Wordsworth tries to get the point across to the readers that anyone who doesnt see the beauty of London at this time in the day would have to be a very insensitive and not appreciate anything that was naturally beautiful in the world. Earth has not anything to show more fair: Dull would he be of soul who could pass by, a sight so touching in its majesty. Wordsworth, who was poet laureate, along with William Blake both believed in Pantheism. This meant that they both saw god in nature. In the poem London, by William Blake, the poet is expressing his real thoughts about London as a whole. That it wasnt really a nice place to be. Like William Wordsworth he didnt like London due to the fact that it had become so polluted due to industrialisation. The poem itself, contain four verses, each containing four lines in each verse. The poem is also written in doggerel style, because it is written in a crude and inartistic style. In the poem, Blake is expressing the bad details of London. His thoughts are dark and moody. He compares London to that of a battle site. And the hapless soldiers sigh. Runs in blood down palace walls. This for me sums up the exact thought of the poet, William Blake about London in general. When Blake was writing this poem, it was mid-night in London. The time of night is important in the poem as it reflects the dark and sombre mood of Blake. Right from the offset in the poem there is criticism of London, as Blake describes how the river has nowhere to go. As I wander each chartered street, near where the chartered Thames does flow. It is like the river is mapped out and has to flow exactly where it is shown on the map. This is because London has lost its natural beauty and is now so unnatural. The people who live in London are always having something to moan about, according to the Poet. This is because they are all so trapped in the City, many want to get out of London because it has become so industrialised and they want it so everything is naturally beautiful. And mark in every face I meet, Marks of weakness, marks of woe. Blake also feels trapped in London with nowhere to turn but to more factories. In every cry of every man. In every infants cry of fear, in every voice, in every ban, the mind forged manacles I hear. Blake uses different parts of speech throughout the poem. And blights with plagues the marriage hearse. An oxymoron is used here because people dont usually associate marriage with a hearse. The poets William Blake and William Wordsworth both express their own views towards London in their poetry, Blake with the dull view of London and Wordsworth with his unusual praise for London. Many different parts of speech are exercised in each poem for different reasons. But the poets give us their personal view towards London, each in a descriptive way.

Labelling Theory by Becker: Summary and Evaluation

Labelling Theory by Becker: Summary and Evaluation Part of the assumption about the way policing and the law works is that punishing criminal behaviour has a deterrent effect. Whatever controversies surround the efficacy of deterrence and they are myriad it seemed hard for many early theorists to believe that punishing criminal behaviour does any actual harm to society. What labelling theorists introduced was the idea that, ironically, the singling out of those who had transgressed societys laws actually perpetuated the behaviours it was intended to curb (Lilly, Cullen Ball, 2002). The idea that the way in which crimes are socially constructed might have important consequences has, however, proved controversial and sparked considerable debate. This essay looks first at labelling theory and then moves on to examine the theory more critically and assess its reach in explaining crime and deviance. Becker (1973) clearly lays out labelling theory in his book Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. He explains that the interactionist perspective sees crime as an infraction of the rules created by society. It then seeks to find the reasons that a person infringed those rules within both their personality and in the their social and economic environment. Becker (1973) believed that this placed the wrong emphasis on where the parameters for crime are set. It is not in the quality of a persons action the deviant act or, as it were, a deviant person but rather in the imposition of the label of deviance by society. It is society that prescribes which acts are lawful and which acts are not lawful and, that act of successfully applying the label illegal or deviant to a person, has a number of important consequences. One assumption often made, once a person has been labelled a deviant, is that they fit into a homogenous category. Becker (1973) argues that this assumption is often made by researchers in criminology looking for a root cause or at least some commonality in deviance and crime. This assumption, though, is not correct. Some people may not have transgressed societys laws and yet are, through the failure of the appropriate systems, still labelled deviant. Others may have transgressed but have not been caught in their transgression these people remain unlabelled. As a result of this analysis, Becker (1973) is most interested in how people come to be labelled deviant rather than their particular social or personal circumstances. This attack on the absolutist nature of deviance or criminal behaviour highlights a number of variables within the system of labelling. What is labelled a crime varies from one time to another; at one time there is crackdown on, for example, drug offences, and the investigation and penalties are stepped up. At another time there may be much more leniency. Another variable is the nature of the person caught breaking the law. The example is drawn by Becker (1973) of the difference between a middle class person and someone from the lower classes evidence is cited to show that it is the middle class person who is more likely to avoid prosecution. Similarly, crimes committed by individuals tend to be prosecuted by the criminal law, while crimes committed by corporations prosecuted by the civil law. These distinctions emphasise the fact that criminality is not an independent quality of a person, but is intimately related to other peoples perceptions or, alternatively in the modern termin ology, to crimes social construction. After the initial instance in which a person is labelled as a criminal, Becker (1973) asserts that a number of things are naturally attendant. To understand the results of labelling it is useful to make a distinction introduced by Edwin Lemert. Lemert (1951) introduced the idea that deviance could be seen as first primary and then secondary. Primary deviancy refers to the situation where a person commits a criminal offence because of sociocultural and psychological circumstances. At this stage, however, the person does not see themselves as deviant, merely as a person who has temporarily strayed from the straight and narrow. Having been caught committing a criminal offence this person is then subjected to societys vilification and labelling through the criminal justice system. As a result of this the person then has to find a method of dealing with this clash between the way they think about themselves and the way other people now view them. This is normally dealt with by accepting t he label with all its meaning and consequences attached. Lilly, Cullen Ball (2002) explain that labelling theorists used the idea of a self-fulfilling prophecy (developed by Merton, 1968) to explain the effect of labelling. Falsely applying the label of criminal to a person leads to them being seen as morally reprehensible in themselves, even though, at that point, this is probably not true. In peoples minds, the fact that a person has committed a criminal offence leads to them being thought of as a criminal, which again leads to them being seen exclusively in this context, above any other. The police, seeing that person as more likely to transgress in the future, will be more likely to visit them to investigate further crimes. A person is socially isolated from their non-criminal friends and probably incarcerated with others who have been labelled criminals this all serves to reinforce the label. It is this constant pressure from people around them that encourages those who have committed a criminal offence to accept the label of crimin al themselves along with all that it entails. The effect is that, perversely, that crime is perpetuated because of the effectiveness of the systems of criminal justice: the label of criminal becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy (Williams, 2004). Labelling theory has been criticised on a number of grounds. Many researchers have attempted to bring empirical evidence to bear on labelling theory. Gove (1975), for example, found no evidence of the influence of negative sanctions on sustained criminal careers. Sherman Berk (1984) compared, in a field experiment, those who had been arrested for domestic violence, with those who had not. They found that those who had been arrested did, in fact, show a reduced level of violence compared to those who had not. Foster, Dinitz Reckless (1972) found that self-reports of problems amongst apprehended boys did not affect the relationship between deviance and sanctions. Other evidence, however, has supported the contentions of labelling theory. Kaplan Johnson (2001) describe some of this evidence. Palamara, Cullen Gersten (1986) found that juvenile delinquency was affected both directly and through other interactions by contact with the police, as well as mental health services. Important ly, the level of the effect was found to be different depending on the type of behaviour that was being measured. Kaplan Johnson (2001) assert that part of the explanation for the mixed empirical results may be methodological problems. For example, measuring levels of delinquency before and after intervention by the criminal justice system is extremely problematic. Kaplan Johnson (2001) argue that, in the research carried out by Foster et al. (1972), it is possible the boys were trying to protect their self-image which was why they didnt report any problems to researchers. Similarly, though, the results of Palamara et al. (1986), which relied on the opinions of mothers and teachers, might simply reflect the effects that labelling has on labelling obviously a circular argument. Gove (1975) argues that part of the problem with testing labelling theory is that it is simply untestable in many of the ways that researchers have applied. Aside from empirical evidence, researchers have also criticised labelling theory on theoretical grounds. Gove (1975) argues that there is no solid evidence that being labelled and then committing crimes is a self-fulfilling prophecy. In addition, Gove (1975) criticises labelling theory on the grounds that it is has difficulty explaining all the different types of deviant behaviour. Plummer (1979) characterises this as a problem with explaining how primary deviance occurs in the first place. Labelling theory, therefore, has a particular problem with paedophilia, for example, which is generally thought to result from abnormal psychology. For this reason it cannot be largely affected by labelling and self-fulfilling prophecies. More phenomenological problems are pointed to in labelling theory by, amongst others, Philipson Roche (1971). They point out that labelling theory makes many perhaps unwarranted assumptions. The way that society reacts to the labelling of criminals is mostly assumed by the original researchers, and hardly investigated. Theoretically, there is limited linkage between the processes that occur at an everyday level and how these translate into the societal reaction. There is too much reliance on ideas that are deemed common sense and also on anecdotal evidence. Plummer (1979) states that labelling theory tends to minimise, or not to address, the question of power and the effects this has on the criminal justice system. A more general criticism is its compatibility with social determinism, the idea that people may have no choice, or at least little choice, in their behaviour. These ideas are also linked to moral criticisms, that labelling theory excludes the moral aspects of crime choos ing to commit a criminal act is a moral choice. In defence of labelling theory, and the criticisms that have been levelled at it, Becker (1973) ascribes a more limited role to its applicability. Becker (1973) argues that labelling theory was not intended to explain why people commit crimes, but the focus of it is on the interactional elements. It is the interactional elements in explaining crime that had previously been ignored or minimised labelling theory was an attempt to highlight the fact that crime cannot be explained without considering the effects that people have on each other. It is clear that many criticisms of labelling theory are based on different conceptions. Indeed, modern theorists now often see labelling theory as split into three different parts. Davies Tanner (2003) splits it into the strain that concentrates on secondary deviance, the strain that focuses on social psychological effects and, finally, the strain that examines the effect of labelling on life chances. In conclusion, what many proponent of labelling theory claim is that it attempts to demystify acts of crime and deviancy. Rather than seeing them as discrete and recognisable categories that are somehow other from the normal law-abiding citizens, it sees them as part of a fluid process within which all members of society, or a collective, exert some influence. It acknowledges a continuum and attempts to describe the processes involved in moving along that continuum. Critics of labelling theory have attacked with both theoretical arguments and empirical evidence. As can clearly be seen, though, labelling theory is difficult to test empirically and, perhaps, with the defence provided by Becker (1973) is impossible to test this way. Criticisms of theoretical aspects are somewhat muddied by different understandings of what labelling theory constitutes. Despite this, it is possible that more detailed and precise research could provide a clearer empirical result whether positive or negati ve. References References Becker, H. S. (1973) Outsiders: studies in the sociology of deviance. New York: Free Press. Davies, S., Tanner, J. (2003) The Long Arm of the Law: Effects of Labeling on Employment. The Sociological Quarterly, 44(3) 385–404. Philipson, M., Roche, M. R. (1971) Phenomenology, Sociology and the Study of Deviance. In Carson, W.G., Wiles, P. (Eds.) The Sociology of Crime and Delinquency in Britain, vol 2. Oxford: Martin Robertson. Foster, J. D., Dinitz, S., Reckless, W. C. (1972) Perceptions of stigma following  public intervention for delinquent behavior. Social Problems, 20, 202-209 Gove, W. R. (1975). The labeling of deviance: Evaluating a perspective. New York: Halsted Press. Kaplan, H. B., Johnson, R. J. (2001) Social Deviance: Testing a General Theory. New York: Springer. Plummer, K. (1979) Misunderstanding Labelling Perspectives. In Downes, D. Rock, P. (Eds.) Deviant Interpretations: problems in criminological theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press Lemert, E. (1951) Social pathology: A systematic approach to the theory of  sociopathic behavior. New York McGraw-Hill. Lilly, J., Cullen, F., Ball, R. (2002) Criminological theory: Context and consequences (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Merton, R. K. (1968) Social theory and social structure. New York: Free Press. Palamara, F., Cullen, F. T., Gersten, J. C. (1986). The effect of police and mental  health intervention on juvenile deviance: Specifying contingencies in the impact of formal reaction. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 90-105. Sherman, L. W., Berk, R. A. (1984) The specific deterrent effects of arrest for domestic assault. American Sociological Review, 49, 261-272. Williams, K. S. (2004) Textbook on Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Conversation Analysis of Doctor and Patient

Conversation Analysis of Doctor and Patient Conversation Analysis Overview To conduct the conversation analysis, the research had to analyze the short recording to the discussion in detail and analyze it from different perspectives like therapeutic, legal, business, health, family, or social context. There are different things in the conversation of people which researcher has analyzed like pause between the conversation and sentences, short and long pause, increase and decrease in the pitch of people, interruptions in conversation and the precise words and phrases used by the people in the conversation. The basic purpose was to identify that how individuals fulfill their goals and how the sense of order is maintained (Maynard, 1997). The conversation which is being analyzed in this researcher paper is institutional talk between doctor and patient. Methodology Transcription A transcription of the conversation is written below. At first the researcher recorded a conversation either in audio or video. Secondly the researcher used the nomenclature, described by Jefferson, to recode the conversation(Woodruff, Szymanski, Grinter Aoki, 2009). The purpose of nomenclature was to explain the words that are expressed in the conversation and many other verbal features such as the intonation, timing, and other vocal characteristics. During the conversation analysis, the researcher had to listen to conversation repeatedly to identify certain vocal features. Sometimes the help of another researcher was taken to identify whether the transcription used is accurate or not. Dr: Comen sit down, (.) Missiz Sampson,= Pt: =Yes Dr: Ah (0.3) Dr:  ¨t ¨hhhh |^I |vdont think weve |^met before |^hv we (1.0) Pt: Well Ive had this: u-sore throat onn off, for weeks no:w.= Dr: =|^Oo dear. Pt: En Ive got a cough- writs- its- Ive been you know choking you known Im[coughin]g- Im getting no relief from= Dr: [Mm|^hm,] Pt: coughing its just taw- choking that (.) [( ) back]of= Dr: [ ¨h h h h h h ] Pt: =my[( ) Dr: [Do you bring any |vphlegm up when you |vcough (0.7) Pt: Well- (0.2) e-yesterday I managed to be sickn I di:d you know,? but normally: i[t- Dr: [But you: vomited then, Pt: Ye:s u[h huh Dr: [Mm. The conversation nomenclature has been explained in the table below. For example, the (.) explains the a complete but short pause in the conversation. The number written in the brackets would explain the duration of pause in the conversation. Wherever was possible the Para-verbal features to explain and interpret the speech. Moreover, the motive and emotions expressed in conversation are not included in this explanation of conservation. (.) Just noticeable pause (0.3) pause of 0.3 seconds, for example ?word Detectable, obvious rise in pitch ?word Detectable, obvious fall in pitch. words [words ] [words ] Square brackets across adjacent lines implies to individuals are speaking simultaneously .hh Inhalation hh Exhalation wo(h)rd Implies laughter while speaking the corresponding word hehehe Laughter that is separate from the speech wor- A sharp termination of the word while speaking wo:rd Implies the sound that precedes the colon has been elongated (words) Words in brackets are conjectures when the sound or pronunciation is unclear ( ) Unclear talk. Each set of brackets represents one syllable of unclear speech word= =word Implies no pause between two consecutive speakers word Louder than usual speech WORD Appreciably louder than usual speech ?word? Quieter than usual speech >word word Slower than usual speech ((description)) Double brackets represent descriptions of some verbal behavior that is difficult to write phonetically, such as ((sobbing)) or ((clears throat)) In the explanation of conversation and transcription formation sometimes the precise pronunciation is also presented for example in the transcription â€Å"dunno† is preferred over don’t know† if found applicable. To capture the speech styles, the researcher has diverged from the conventional spelling of the words. But when the divergence is in the excess then reader would have struggled to follow the exchange of communication. However, while transcribing the conversation styles and other things like physical movements, manners of the people, their gestures and the cheek scratching to hold the gaze are not included in it. These physical movements cannot be transcribed the vocal and para-vocal features. Moreover, the nuances of these physical movements cannot be presented well. Interpretation At the third stage researcher had interpreted the conversation by the transcription made and by replaying the recording. As the first step of interpretation the intuitive interpretation of the action of every person are explained. Secondly the each response has been considered in more detail to uncover the mechanism and devices which has been used in the conversation to maintain the understanding of conversation and fulfill the goals behind conversation. the first step of this conversation analysis is to analyze the aim of doctor. Clinic of the doctor is the institution which is involved in this conversation analysis. Thus, this particular conversation is example of institutional conversation as describe by Silverman (1997). The basic purpose of the person from the institution(doctor) is to analyze the situation in which patient finds himself at the same time avoiding saying any such word which could make his situation worse. Another immediate observation which comes from this conversation is that patient is the only and important person who holds the information and is very critical for doctor. This is proximal context of conversation. Researcher can establish this point that it creates a powerful relationship between doctor and patient because of limited to immediate context of interaction between them. This type of conversation is represented by the particular way of conversation management devices are used by both protagonists. By using different conversation methods like sequencing, adjacency pairs along with preferred and dis-preferred responses, patient has made easy for the doctor to analyze the seriousness of his situation. After doctor realizes the seriousness of situation then patients provides packages of information and limited amount of information to doctor when he moves towards the most delicate matter. Observing this conversation one can observe that from line 6 onwards conversation goes from normal sequential structure to more turbulent one once the topic of conversation turns into more delicate one. More precisely, on line one the doctor greets the patient and after her sitting he tries to identify what is the matter by asking her whether he knows the patient and patient has ever visited him before. After a short pause the patient gives him desired response by telling that she keeps visiting him because of her sore throat. This precision is particularly important to note and could also be dismissed as irrelevant in this analysis if the adjacency pair had not been appeared in the further lines in which the patient has said that he has cough and choking too. Indeed, the caller is using her right of turn taking to tell about her condition to doctor. So in this conversation turn taking and adjacency pairs has been observed. Once the doctor has listened about the situation of patient he has not given him immediate response but has tried to avoid it and let the patient kept talking so that she could completely tell him about her condition. Here he just said â€Å"Oo dear†. In this the expansion of the conversation is observed. â€Å"Oo† or â€Å"Oh† are another common example of adjacency pair. For example with the â€Å"Oh† sound or uttering â€Å"really† they intend to expand and elongate the response to a question. â€Å"Oh† is the expansion context is an indication of desire to get more information in the opinion of Heritage (1984). Sometimes â€Å"Oh† is interpreted differently in other contexts. The response starting with â€Å"Oh† to first pair part indicates the reception of information. As explained in this example â€Å"Are you going tonight† and â€Å"Oh, I’m not sure† as the result of previous remark the state of pers on has been changed. The answer with Oh implies. The doctor has tried to repair the conversation because he wants the patient to keep going with her condition that is why repairing of conversation is observed where doctor has just said â€Å"[Mm|^hm,]†. When patient gives short pause in the conversation the doctor asked about the cough and then a bit long pause is observed in the conversation. This is example of adjacency pair in which doctor is trying to reconfirm the previous statement of patient. After the short pause patient gives the answer to doctor and then doctor asked him whether she did vomit or not then there was prompt answer to the question yes here another type of adjacency pair was observed which is called preferred and un-prefrred actions. Sometimes it happens that first pair parts or questions are answered promptly but sometimes answers are delayed because they are not the preferred actions about which question are asked. The questions answered promptly are p referred one with the delayed answers are regarded as the un-preferred. For example, when any invitation is accepted then it is prompt repose and considered are preferred action and declining the invitation is delayed response and un-preferred action. The un-preferred actions have delayed response because it considered that their answer would create problems in social relationships. A long and short pause on line 4, 6,11, 14 and 16 , a repair line 11 an expansion of conversation on line 8 are enough to build an argument that this information has made doctor able to analyze that condition of patient is very serious and he can also analyze the situation in which patient finds herself but still getting the previous information of patient is very difficult because of being delicate object as described by Silverman (1997).In this framework the last comment could be made about the patient statement when she says that she is normally sick. This is attempt of building an acceptable account of delicate matter which represents the feature of adjacency repair. Results and Discussion The philosophy of ethnomethodology was adopted in conversation analysis, proposed by Harold Lerner, an American sociologist, in his book Studies in Ethnomethodology (Lerner, 2004). Social order is considered as illusory according to ethnomethodology. The social world is actually haphazard and random by appears to us in order and is predictable. Individuals in society consider social order as social construction in their minds. Individuals in the society try to uncover the patterns of advice which they receive even though they receive the suggestions randomly. The conversation analysis is not based not the specific utterance of word or sentence in the person, but it involves the whole discussion and conversation among the individuals. No individual can interpret in the same any conversation. In order to maintain the sense of order in conversation, the people assume that they can maintain the meaning of utterance of words of other persons (Sidnell, 2009). People in the conversation take the help of subtle and explicate mannerism, expressions and remarks to maintain the illusion that they can and have understood the meaning of the uttered words by the people in conversation. For this purpose, they can and might mimic the emotional expression of another person. Confusion expression is also evident when they see that there is the violation of their expression. To understand the methods and procedures implied by people to cultivate the sense of procedure ethnomethodological research is implied (PeraÃÅ'ˆkylaÃÅ'ˆ, 2008). Scholars can infringe upon social rules to conduct a breaching experiment to achieve their goal if they think that conversation is going the wrong way of the road. Research Questions Conversation analysis underpins several assumptions Conversation is ordered and systematic no randomness or unstructured conversation aspect was found There is no universal rule to underpin the structure of conversation, but it is the participants of conversation who cultivate the order, structure and context. Even the structure of conversation is cultivated by the participants still conversation patterns are repeated in many contexts and cultures. The basic role of the conversation analysis is to evaluate the skills, devices and methods used to generate order in conversation which guides the communication, goals and helps in understanding the other person. Tough sometimes while conversation people are not aware how to create the order but researcher can generate the order from the real conversations (Liddicoat, 2011). Complications and applications of conversation analysis Some scholars opine that sometimes during the conversation people do not consider the key issues like context and structure of conversation which impinge on discourse. The ideology of social order plays key role in the methods which individuals use to maintain the social order, fulfilling their goals. Conversation analysis must consider the pervasive but unobservable issues opined by the proponents of critical discourse analysis. During the analysis of conversation, the political orientation and theoretical assumptions should be avoided opined by Schegloff (2007). These could create the biases in description and interpretation of conversations. A remark can be interpreted as the mean of dominance but can actually facilitate the conversation. Conversation analysis, however, has bee. Applied to examine the methods and devices individuals apply to maintain and perpetuate inequalities in power. Hutchby (2008), for instance, utilized conversation analysis to show how radio hosts maintain power over their callers. Hutchby showed that radio hosts use various terms or phrases, like So or And, to challenge the pertinence of an argument. Similarly, radio hosts often ascribe and challenge a position to the caller, summarizing a version of their argument they can readily dismiss. In addition, Hutchby demonstrates that radio hosts do not need to offer their own position, which simplifies their role. In this work, conversation analysis provides a unique insight into the attempts of individuals to maintain power, offering an empirical insight into the theoretical mechanisms that proponents of discourse analysis posit. References Forrester, M. (2010).Doing qualitative research in psychology. Los Angeles [i.e. Thousand Oaks, Calif.]: SAGE Publications. Gardner, R. (2012). Conversation Analysis and orientation to learning.Journal Of Applied Linguistics,5(3). doi:10.1558/japl.v5i3.229 Goodwin, C. (1990). Conversation Analysis.Annual Review Of Anthropology,19(1), 283-307. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.19.1.283 Grant, L. (2009). Book review: PAUL TEN HAVE, Doing Conversation Analysis: A Practical Guide. London: SAGE, 2007, 246 pp.Discourse Studies,11(3), 377-379. doi:10.1177/14614456090110030603 Have, P. (2007).Doing Conversation Analysis. London: Sage Publications. Hutchby, I., Wooffitt, R. (2008).Conversation analysis. Cambridge: Polity. Lerner, G. (2004).Conversation analysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co. Liddicoat, A. (2011).An introduction to conversation analysis. London: Continuum. Maynard, D. (1997). The News Delivery Sequence: Bad News and Good News in Conversational Interaction.Research On Language Social Interaction,30(2), 93-130. doi:10.1207/s15327973rlsi3002_1 PeraÃÅ'ˆkylaÃÅ'ˆ, A. (2008).Conversation analysis and psychotherapy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Schegloff, E. (2007).Sequence organization in interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sidnell, J. (2009).Conversation analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sidnell, J., Stivers, T. (2013).The handbook of conversation analysis. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Wetherell, M. (1998). Positioning and Interpretative Repertoires: Conversation Analysis and Post-Structuralism in Dialogue.Discourse Society,9(3), 387-412. doi:10.1177/0957926598009003005 Woodruff, A., Szymanski, M., Grinter, R., Aoki, P. (2009). Practical Strategies for Integrating a Conversation Analyst in an Iterative Design Process.Palo Alto Research Center,3(1), 3-9. Retrieved from http://www2.parc.com/csl/projects/guidebooks/publications/dis02.pdf

Atomic Bomb Essay -- essays research papers

The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, on August 6, 1945. The world would never be the same. This paper will discuss the significance of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and how they led to the success of the Allied forces. It will also discuss how the United States developed the atomic bomb, the decision to drop the bomb, the weakening of Japan, the actual bombing an destruction of both cities, the surrender of Japan and the impact the atomic bomb would have in the future. During World War II, the United States was afraid that Germany would develop the atomic bomb first. Germany had taken over Norway, which was a heavy water supply and Czechoslovakia, which was a uranium supply. Both of these, water and uranium, were needed to make the atomic bomb. Therefore, the United States initiated a top secret program called the Manhattan Project. Even the Vice President didn't know about this project. The Manhattan Project cost over 2 billion dollars. Yet, Congress never voted to fund this program (Hoare, 1987, 10-14). Roosevelt authorized scientists to find out if an atomic bomb could be built. On December 2, 1942, scientists working in a secret laboratory under the bleachers of a football field in Chicago achieved the first man-made nuclear reaction. An atomic bomb could now be developed. Many scientists and other skilled workers participated in the making of the first atomic bomb. However, only few knew what they were making. In 1944, after D-Day, the Alsos (a troop sent to find how far the Germans had come in the building of the atomic bomb) radioed back that they had given up in their attempt to make it. Still, despite scientists' pleas with the President to discontinue it, the U.S. maintained the work on their atomic bomb (Conrad, 1982, 12-16). In Alamogordo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945, the first atomic bomb was detonated in the desert. The bomb was much more explosive than scientists thought it would be. The 100 foot tower which housed the bomb was totally destroyed by the blast. ("World War II", 1997, 1-2). After the bomb exploded, Robert Oppenheimer, the head of the Manhattan Project, said, "Behold. I have become death, destroyer of worlds." (Hoare, 1987, 18) When Harry Trum... ...p; The United States, as well as the Allied forces, saved many lives by dropping the atomic bomb. The dropping of the atomic bomb, even though it killed hundreds of thousands Japanese people, saved more Americans and other Allied soldiers that would have been killed in battle. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki may not have been exciting battles, but they may have been the most important weapons used in World War II. If Japan had not surrendered, more atomic bombs may have been dropped and it would be very significant that the United States had made them. Even though only two were dropped, they killed many Japanese, making the government fearful that more would be dropped if they did not surrender (Conrad, 1982, 20-22). When looking back upon the six years of World War II, the three days surrounding the dropping of the bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki had far greater impact than all of the battles preceding them. The destruction they wrought far surpassed anything ever seen before. As cited in this paper, the atomic bombs, Fat Man and Little Boy, were pivotal to the success of the Allied forces.

Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) - Will it Protect Inv

Public Company Accounting Oversight Board; Will it Protect Investors?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) was created by Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This board was created to oversee the audit of public companies, subject to the securities laws, in order to protect the interests of investors (15 USC 7201, 2002). It was created in wake of the recent financial scandals of Enron, WorldCom, and Global Crossing to name a few. This â€Å"Act† established by Congress is to create an oversight board, so that such scandals will never occur again. Will this oversight board work and will its work restore public confidence and encourage individuals to invest in the stock market again?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The PCAOB is not a tax-payer funded agency. It is supported by over 8800 companies and mutual funds that benefit from independent audits (Epstein). The PCAOB principle duties are; 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Register public accounting firms that prepare audits. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Establish and/or adopt standards relating to the preparation of audit reports for issuers. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conduct inspections of registered public accounting firms. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conduct investigations and disciplinary proceedings. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Promote high professional standards and improve the quality of audit services offered by registered public accounting firms. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enforce compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley act (15 USC 7201, 2002). Before the establishment of Sarbanes-Oxley and the PCAOB, there was no oversight board. Public accounting firms would perform â€Å"peer reviews† to verify that audits were being performed with due diligence. However, these reviews were not high priority, thus uncovering errors/negligence made by the public accounting firms by peers were rarely discovered. It was only after the massive failures of Enron and WorldCom that this gross negligence by the public accounting firm performing the audit came to light. It was clear that an independent review board was necessary to ensure due diligence is being followed when a public accounting firm audits a corporation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The PCAOB will examine yearly those public accounting firms with more than 100 publicly-traded audit clients. All others will be examined every three years. Any violations of Sarbanes-Oxley or SEC and the PCAOB may fine or disqualify firms from public accounting audits (Epstein). The power to fine or disqualify a public accounting firm from ... ...g profession.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is still too early to tell if the PCAOB will be effective or not. Only time will tell if the actions of the PCAOB and the public accounting firms will restore investor confidence to invest in the stock market, again. Works Cited â€Å"Accountability in the Era of Global Markets.† The Fletcher School. Feb. 2004: Tufts University. 16 May 2004. Calabro, Lori. â€Å"New Attestation Standards for Internal Controls Put More Power in the Hands of Auditors.† CFO Magazine. May 2004: Economist.com. Lexis-Nexis. Baker University. 16 May 2004 . Epstein, Jonathan. â€Å"Watchdog Says Accounting Firms Have Much to do to Restore Credibility.† Buffalo News. 19 April 2004: Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News. Lexis-Nexis. Baker University. 16 May 2004 . Griggs, Linda L. â€Å"Audits of Internal Control over Financial Reporting: What do they Mean?† Prentice Hall Law & Business Insights. 29 April 2004: Lexis-Nexis. Baker University. 16 May 2004 . Michaels, Adrian. â€Å"Accountants Urged to take Moral Stand.† Financial Times. 19 Dec. 2004: Financial Time Limited. Lexis-Nexis. Baker University. 16 May 2004. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Pub. L. 107-204. 30 July 2002. Stat. 116.745

Brave New World :: essays research papers

In the book, Brave New World, there are many examples of prophecy. The first example of prophecy is cloning. In the book they were cloning up to 96 people that all looked identical. Today we have successfully cloned a sheep, and we are moving towards possibly cloning humans just like the book prophesied. The second example of prophecy is brainwashing and hypnotism. In the book they conditioned, or brainwashed, the infants and children to like and hate certain things for the purpose of increased consumption. Today, there are certain things that hypnotize us like commercials and billboards. More strongly there are hypnotist who hypnotize people in order to find out about someone’s past and also to tried to cure their bad habits and phobias. This is just matter of opinion, but brainwashing is probably going on behind the scenes of our government. The final example of prophecy is genetically altering embryos. In the book they altered the embryos to make some not as smart as others . They also did it to put the people in different caste systems. They also, not mentioned in the book, prevented diseases from the altering of the embryos. Certainly there were many things that Aldous Huxley prophesied that came true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There were many examples of fantasy in the book, Brave New World. The first is the thought of no mothers and fathers. In the book they had no mothers or fathers and those words were considered bad. They belonged to the state and that was all they needed. Today, mothers and fathers affect their children so greatly that the thoughts of there not being mothers or fathers are just so far-fetched. People today wouldn’t conform to that, because they are proud of having children and continuing certain traditions and family names. The next example of fantasy is the Bokanovsky Process. In the book they would have one egg that split into 96 eggs over a certain time which produced 96 identical twins. I believe that wouldn’t happen today because we live in a world that relies on the individual for stability. If one would take away people’s individuality by making them 95 sisters and brothers then the whole world would be in an uproar. The last example of fantasy is caste colors. In the book there was 5 different castes in which each caste had their own color. Today the thought of everyone dressing alike would be absurd.

Anthropology: Human and Natural Selection

The chapter 2 in the textbook â€Å"Cultural Anthropology† mentions about the reflection in culture of nonhuman primates onto human’s one. In this chapter, I really impress about the idea â€Å"natural selection†. â€Å"Natural selection is the process by which organism better adapt to the environment reproduce more effectively compared with less well-adapted forms†(â€Å"The evolution of humanity and culture†) The â€Å"natural selection†, for me, is the best explanation for the difference between our modern humans and nonhuman primates. From the beginning, every nonhuman species, including humans, had a common root.However, because of the difference sources of food, they changed their body structures (teeth, intestine) to adapt to their dietary needs. For example, frugivores eat fruits, so their big front teeth make them easily bite foods. On the other hand, folivores have the very strong chewing teeth to help them break leaves into small p ieces, easily to digest because of their richness of cellulose chemical. In the article â€Å"Ancient Genes and Modern Health† written by S. Boyd Eaton and Melvin Konner, they also talk about the concept of â€Å"natural selection† in another way.They discuss about the change in height of ancient human compared to modern humans. According to them, the height of humans changed because of the decrease of protein intake in their dietary pattern. About 30,000 years ago, the average height of men is about 5’9 (177. 1cm), women 5’5 (166. 5cm); compared to modern human nowadays, men average 5’8 (174. 4cm), women 5’4 (163. 4cm). In my opinion, this decrease in height is also a kind of â€Å"natural selection†. Before, human food mostly obtained by foraging. All foods were absolutely savage. They contained higher protein.The more agriculture developed, the less the protein intake in the animal meat was. Therefore, humans obtained less daily pr otein than before. After generations, the human genes tend to â€Å"evolute† to adapt to the new daily protein needs. The new genes made human body structures get smaller. As the result, with smaller bodies, humans needed less protein to maintain the daily activities. In this case, â€Å"natural selection† represents as a primary role in human body form. Next, another idea which I really like is the female role in the ancient sociality.As I mentioned earlier, when human didn’t know anything about agriculture, their food were mostly obtained by foraging. Most women went garaging, while men went hunting. However, because of the limit of hunting weapons, the hunting foods were not enough for the whole sociality. Therefore, women, who the ones gave majority of food, had power in the community. I think by the time women got power, the world was more peaceful. No war, no death, no tear. I believe that the world would be much better in the future if women, again, have the power, have a strong influence in the politic manner on the world.

Afro Samurai

The manga series â€Å"Afro Samurai† follows the life of a black samurai named Afro, who is on a mission to avenge his father's death. After witnessing the death of his own father, Afro no longer lived a normal life. Instead, all he wanted to do was find and kill Justice, the man who killed his father and took the Number One Headband. Interestingly, the past that brought him pain and hatred had only given him the strength to carry on his life. As a kid, he killed anyone who stepped in his way of avenging his father's death.Even though Afro is brave and strong enough to continue the lonely and dangerous journey, he still faced trauma and painful flashbacks. Through â€Å"Afro Samurai†, we will be able to examine the psychological disorders and functions of memory by creating an outcome based on his childhood experiences. At a very young age, Afro had to helplessly witness Justice cut off his dad’s head. Tears fell down on his face as the head was rolling over to h im. Normally, if a child experiences such thing, he/she would’ve run away. However, Afro just stood there with his eyes wide open.It was too cruel and traumatic for him to even react with the situation. The feeling of fear, helplessness and anger had left a mental illness in Afro. Without shaking, he picked up the number 2 headband and his dad’s head. Carrying them in his bag, he set off to seek revenge from Justice. He went crazy and killed people cruelly even though he was just a kid. Based on what happened to Afro when he was young, I diagnose that he might suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is an anxiety disorder caused by experiencing life- death situation, or witnessing out-of-control events.There are three types of PTSD symptoms: intrusive memory, avoidance/numbing, and increased anxiety or emotional arousal. Afro tended to show some symptoms that are related to avoidance and intrusive memory. While watching the first half of the second epis ode, I notice that Afro prefers not to talk. â€Å"Lemonade†, he replies shortly to the lady in the bar. Plus, he doesn’t join any conversation with Ninja Ninja who most of the time talks endlessly. Afro definitely has emotional numbing as if he doesn’t care about anything except revenge. Even though, his eyes are filled with sadness andanger, there is barely any facial expression shown when he is with his friend or when he kills people. On the other hand, Afro also experiences flashback in his sleep after he is saved from a life and death situation. His breath becomes heavier and faster as he dreams about the bad incidents that has happened after his father died such as being chased, humiliated, and beaten up. The flashback comes when the event tends to happen again. It might be impossible to cure Afro’s mental illness since his emotion is numb. However, in order to help him, I need to define what he desires the most.Since he only aims for avenging and k illing, it will be appropriate to change his thinking on his trauma and revenge. Cognitive therapy can help him reflect on the whole situation. With the help of a therapist, he will be able to replace his thoughts with more accurate and distressing thoughts. â€Å"What would you do after you kill Justice? †, â€Å"Where are you going to take your life after you success your mission? †, â€Å"Do you think it will be the end after you kill Justice? †, etc†¦ These questions can be asked to help Afro determine his real goal in life.The prognosis for Afro’s case depends upon the severity and length of time has suffered from PTSD. It will be difficult for Afro to recover since he was very aware when and how the incident happened. The treatment process can be continued for years. Afro will be more likely to have fewer traumas when he sleeps, and show more emotion. As a human-being, he should be able to live and feel like a normal person. He might be addicte d to seek revenge and kill people if he is not cured. Afro’s memory is mostly filled with his dad’s death.When he witnessed his dad died, his senses collected information and held those cruel details in sensory memory. From the sensory memory, the information was encoded and stored in working memory. Since the incident was too traumatic, it became flashbulb memory which was immediately stored in long-term memory. Better than anyone else, Afro knows that this memory can’t ever be forgotten and it will haunt him for the rest of his life. Even though, it hurt to remember, it was what taught him to be strong and to be cruel to whoever tried to harm him.He kills people without a blink in his eyes just like how Justice did to his dad. Afro had suffered so much in the past, but it doesn’t mean there is nothing bright in his memory. While he is unconscious after being poisoned and fell down from a cliff, he dreams about the little girl who had saved him in the pa st. The little girl with her teddy bear is probably the only light in his dark memory. This long-term memory is retrieved to working memory as the situation seemed to repeat. Afro tends to act gently to the lady who doesn’t only save him but also reminds him of that little girl.Maybe, after all, he is not a psycho killer. Painful memories tell him to be strong and give him the reason why he is alive. But, nice memories remind him that morality still exists in this shady world. After all, by watching â€Å"Afro Samurai†, I’m able to discover more about psychological disorder and function of memory. The movie helps me encode information deeper, store them better in my working memory, and retrieve them more affectively. It also shows me that pain perhaps is not there to destroy people, but to give them the strength to live on and do better.

Transcendentalist

A Modern Day Transcendentalist The story of Chris McCandless is an inspiring one. Transcendentalism is the act of finding inner peace and relaxing. David Henry Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson are two authors who are transcendentalists. The idea of transcendentalism was started in America in the 1850’s. Chris McCandless is a college student who decides to become a transcendentalist. Chris McCandless is an example of a modern day transcendentalist because he fits the ideals of Walden, Self Reliance, and Civil Disobedience.One of the big ideas of Walden is that a person needs to separate himself from society to inner peace. Thoreau writes â€Å"I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he goes into the woods to find inner peace after college along with other adventures in the desert and Denali National Park. Another big idea of Walden is a person only needs to live with th e essentials. Thoreau writes â€Å"†¦ to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms. Chris McCandless fits this idea because he only brings a backpack, a gun, a bag of rice, and a sleeping bag into the woods. Nature has a lot to teach is also a big idea of Walden. Thoreau writes â€Å"†¦and see if I could not learn what it had to teach. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he learns a lot of survival techniques while in nature and he lives and dies while in nature. One of the big ideas in Self Reliance is trust yourself. Emerson writes â€Å"Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string. Chris McCandless fits this idea because whenever he is offered help he declines it. Another big idea of Self Reliance is do not be afraid to be different and do not conform to others standards. Emerson writes â€Å"Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he does not care what other people think about him and he did not conform to others expectations. For example his parents want him to go to college and he decides not to because he wants to go into the wild. Do not envy what others have is another big idea of Self Reliance.Emerson writes â€Å"There is a time in every man’s education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because rejects supplies, his parents, his car, and help. One of the big ideas of Civil Disobedience is laws do not have to be followed because each person should make their own laws. Thoreau writes â€Å"That government is best which governs not at all. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because he goes to Mexico without a passport, he kayaks into Mexico, he burns his money, and he train hops.Another big idea of Civil Disobedience is the majority is not always right and that people should follow their own beliefs and thoughts. Thoreau writes â€Å"When the power is once in the hand s of the people, a majority are permitted, and for a long period continue, to rule, is not because they are most likely to be in the right, nor because this seems fairest to the minority, but because they are physically the strongest. † Chris McCandless fits this idea because people may not support his way of life because it is against how the majority live.He lives differently in a lot of people’s eyes because he lives out in the woods instead of being with society. Based on his belief in the ideals of Walden, Self Reliance, and Civil Disobedience, Chris McCandless is a modern day transcendentalist. This type of lifestyle is not all that abnormal. Many people in the world live just like Chris McCandless. They all want to get away of society and live peacefully. The story of Chris McCandless gained popularity in the late 1990’s. One reason people are drawn to this story is because McCandless is a young guy and lives such a different lifestyle.

American Culture and Politics

This research looks at American Culture and Politics since there is so much in American history and culture. The proposal paper contains some of the findings about the American politics and culture. This paper can help scholars who want to have a wide knowledge about American politics and culture and how they influence each other. The primary research sources that will be used include: Questionnaire and Interview. Secondary sources include: published textbooks, and published statistics. INTRODUCTIONTo begin with, American conservatives claim that the Left, from its parapets of power in Hollywood, the universities, the national media, the federal courts, and the National Endowment for the Arts, has waged, for decades, a â€Å"culture war† upon the American people — a war that the people have been losing. The conservatives' complaint is commonly put this way: the Left has set out to â€Å"politicize† American culture, to force it to conform to a new orthodoxy of po litical correctness in everything from homosexual marriage to pronoun usage (Kesler, 1998).The conservatives' point is that culture should be above, or at least separated from, the political order; that civil society — the realm of art, religion, family, and private property — should be protected, for the sake of liberty as well as culture, against political encroachments. Instead of politics trying tyrannically or arbitrarily to create culture, politics should devote itself to conserving culture (Combs, 1991). According to Goodnow politics had to do with the policies or expressions of the state will (Parashar, 1997).Thus in the conservative view, politics should grow out of culture and serve culture, not the other way around. Scholars and activist on the left should take warning: What once political movements have become translated into personal quests for fulfillment (Cloud, 1998). But at this point one sees that there are actually two conservative views of culture. They differ on the question of what it means to â€Å"conserve† culture: Does it mean to keep government's hands off it, to be neutral towards culture and allow it to develop however artists and citizens choose?Or does it mean a hands-on approach, an active promotion of â€Å"traditional American values† against their would-be subverters in and out of government? Hands-off is the preference both of libertarians, who tend to take a democratic and laissez faire attitude towards culture, and of those neo-conservatives who defend high culture against the public's attempts to influence it (Josephson, 2007). The hands-on approach is preferred by the so-called Religious Right, by most who refer to themselves as â€Å"cultural conservatives† or traditionalists, and by many neo-conservatives who are repelled by the prospect of American society's utter de-moralization.Even conservatives who are prepared to use government to shore up American culture, however, typically re ject the notion that they are â€Å"politicizing† the culture (Whitfield, 1996). They argue that they are only using politics to get beyond politics — that is, to overcome the culture's artificial or forced politicization. White Southerners, used to a friendly custodial environment, were confronting a more diverse and secular American culture (Marsden, 2006).Seizing upon this contradiction or ambiguity, the Left today charges that conservatives are prepared, when they are prepared, to take a laissez faire attitude towards culture only because theirs — the white male bourgeois culture — is the dominant one. When its hegemony is challenged, liberal critics note, as it is being challenged currently, then conservatives cease to be defenders of a hands-off cultural policy and quickly become advocates of cultural protectionism (Wald, & Calhoun-brown, 2006).Yet in challenging the supposed hegemony of patriarchal or conservative culture, most liberal intellectual s do not imagine themselves to be calling for the hegemony of their own culture. Today's liberals stand for â€Å"multiculturalism,† for the replacement of ruling-class culture by the multiplicity of cultures belonging to oppressed, or formerly oppressed, classes and groups. In the past, white males had used their culture to justify and reinforce their rule over the rest of society; it was white males who â€Å"politicized† culture, according to the multiculturalists (Sturm, 2002).Now, the rest of society — indeed, the world — can bring previously excluded cultures to bear in order to delegitimize the old â€Å"racist, sexist, homophobic† order and ordain a new, more inclusive one (Roper, 2002). From the standpoint of traditionalist conservatism, every society or people are defined by its culture, and therefore every culture is more or less an exclusive one (Neve, 1992). In John O'Sullivan's words, â€Å"A multicultural society is a contradiction in terms and cannot survive indefinitely.It either becomes monocultural or runs into trouble. â€Å"1 At this juncture, we urgently need some clarity on the meaning of â€Å"culture. † Becoming American was initially a political and constitutional choice, but finally it necessitated a series of profound transformations in business, speech, dress, religion, literature, education, heroes, holidays, civic ceremonies — in character (Bergmann & Seminar on Feminism and Culture in Latin America, 1990).The public schools movement was one of the most important, as well as one of the most obvious, of these subsequent efforts to conform the American people to their new republican institutions. It is an old political observation, echoed in Montesquieu and countless other writers, that in the beginning men make the institutions, and after that the institutions make the men. The American founders had this maxim very much in mind as they built the institutions that would guide the n ation's destiny, and today it is worth pondering anew.Perhaps it is time to build some new institutions, if we are to have a real chance to rehabilitate American culture. During a relatively brief period of time the first food industry has helped to transform not only the American diet, but also our landscape, economy, workforce, and popular culture (Schlosser, 2001) as a kind of growth: a culture is a living social organism that has particular ethnic â€Å"roots† and develops from those roots, often flowering into unique, that is, characteristic achievements of high art.To understand a culture means therefore to appreciate it in its particularity, to see it as a unique historical growth — not as a mere exemplum of a common and unchanging human nature, much less as an imperfect embodiment of the best political or social order. Reason has little to do with culture in this sense, therefore, because the modern concept of culture emphasizes the ethnic, the particular, the authentic at the expense of the universal; whereas reason strives, even in practical affairs, to see particulars in the light of universals.An authentic culture is natural in the sense of being an uncoerced growth, not in the sense of containing universal principles that can be grasped and perhaps manipulated by reason (Tomsich, 1971). Accordingly, an authentic culture cannot be designed or planned because it cannot be thought through; it is always in the process of slow change or adaptation.Ever since Edmund Burke, whose defense of the British Constitution became the model for the Right's thinking on the cultural roots of politics in general, conservatives have argued that culture is neither a goal that politicians can seek to achieve nor a product that they can make — let alone export. SUMMARY Oddly enough, the multiculturalists agree with the traditionalists on the primacy of culture over politics, and to some extent even on the definition of culture.What the multicultural ists insist on, however, is that culture does not have to be exclusive, or more precisely, that Americans can participate in many cultures without succumbing to any one of them and without ceasing to be American. But this is to pile absurdity upon absurdity. References Bergmann, E. L. & Seminar on Feminism and Culture in Latin America. (1990). Women, culture, and politics in Latin America. California: University of California Press. Cloud, D. L. (1998). Control and consolation in American culture and politics: rhetoric of therapy.New Delhi: SAGE. Combs, J. E. (1991). Polpop 2: politics and popular culture in America today?. New York: Popular Press. Eric Schlosser. (2001). Fast food nation: the dark side of the all-American meal, Volume 1000. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Josephson, M. (2007). The President Makers – the Culture of Politics and Leadership in an Age of Enlightenment 1896-1919. New York: READ BOOKS. Kesler, C. R. (1998, May 15). Culture, Politics, and the American Founding. Retrieved June 13, 2010, from www. claremont. org: http://www.claremont. org/publications/pubid. 496/pub_detail. asp Lipartito, K. & Sicilia, D. B. (2004). Constructing corporate America: history, politics, culture. New York: Oxford University Press. Marsden, G. M. (2006). Fundamentalism and American culture. New York: Oxford University Press US. Neve, B. (1992). Film and politics in America: a social tradition. New York: Rout ledge. Parashar, P. (1997). Public Administration in the Developed World. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons. Roper, J. (2002). The contours of American politics: an introduction.Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Sturm, C. (2002). Blood politics: race, culture, and identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. California: University of California Press. Tomsich, J. (1971). A genteel endeavor: American culture and politics in the gilded age. California: Stanford University Press. Whitfield, S. J. (1996). American space, Jewish time: essays in modern culture and p olitics. New York: M. E. Sharpe. Wald, K. d. & Calhoun-brown, A. (2006). Religion and politics in the United States. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.