Operating Procedure Essay

Presentation Friendliness the board is having the option to deal with the connection among visitors and hosts. Likewise this is a demonstration or practice of hospitability.It incorporates the gathering and amusement of visitors, guests, or strangers,resorts, enrollment clubs, shows, attractions, uncommon occasions, and different administrations for voyagers and travelers. The Hotel and Restaurant Management Industry must have Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) to control them in their everyday business activity. A SOP is an archive which depicts the routinely repeating activities pertinent to the nature of the examination. The motivation behind a SOP is to do the tasks system accurately and to do exchanges activities over and again in a similar way consistently. Additionally, a SOP manual ought to be accessible at the working environment consistently. This fills in as a necessary guidance and manual for each client. Deviations from this directions ought not be permitted and the conditions for these ought to be recorded including who can give consent for this and what precisely the total methods will be. The first duplicate of the manual should rest at a protected spot while working duplicates ought to be validated with stamps and with marks of approved people spoke to by the organization. These SOPs are definite clarifications of how an approach is to be actualized in the organization. The fundamental distinction between a SOP and a strategy are subtleties. A successful SOP imparts who will play out the assignment, what materials are important, where the undertaking will happen, when the errand will be performed,and how the individual will execute the assignment. Beside the various kinds of Standard Operating Procedures the manual provides,It ought to likewise give guidelines for wellbeing insurances in utilizing hardware, research center instruments, machines and so forth. Additionally, for security and insurance of the clients (representatives), SOP might be characterized further to: 1.) Fundamental SOPs †these give directions how to make SOPs of different classifications. 2.) Methodic SOPs †these portray a total testing framework or technique for investigation.(this incorporate SOP for security insurance †standardâ procedures for working instruments, mechanical assembly and other gear; and SOP for diagnostic strategies †readiness of reagents, getting and enrollment of tests, for quality affirmation and for achievingand how to manage protests). Security and careful steps are essential partsin the establishment of building and including the food business with regards to food planning, food preparing and food handling. Additionally, it should give wellbeing and security in the administration of individuals. It ought to recognize unsafe exercises, forestalling it by methods for doing everything that is required. Our proposition study centers around the standard working methodology in the kitchen research facilities at Adamson University. These will enable the college to additionally improve its strategy for wellbeing and security careful steps for the understudy clients of the kitchen research center. Foundation The field of work and investigation of the calling of people the board in lodgings, cafés, and different foundations are in the neighborliness and the travel industry is known as friendliness the executives. Our proposition will examine and contain the field of emergency clinic industry the executives of the standard working method for wellbeing and careful steps. Accommodation the board business has its own assorted variety, for example, when individuals go out to go in better places, register to inns, hang out and eat at various eateries, watch film long distance race at any film place, and unwind at bars or music bars of differentplaces. Cordiality the board manages the organization and oversight of the works and activities to know the various needs and alterations in making and composing the SOPs in the diverse business puts that require client care and accommodation management.Furthermore, it needs a human force identifying with the physical limit of individual to deal with such administration. In our investigation, it won't just showcasethe security and prudent steps of kitchen research facility dangers yet in addition point the upgrade of the living limit of each included individual straightforwardly associated in the handling and activity of the lab kitchen of Adamson University. A few models introduced of the unsafe exercises are mishaps in the kitchen and in the use ofâ kitchen gear like cut from blades or slicer. It incorporates likewise the earth where it occurred, it influences the completing of mediation like slip and falls on wet floor coming about to wounds or wounds. The proportions of the wellbeing and insurance of understudies and teachers while in the kitchen research facility ought to be seen consistently. Security is a methods for evasion or avoidance identified with the commitment in mishap or undesirable situation. Security must be instructed as a way and part of the lives in the way of life of business. Calculated FRAMEWORK This calculated structure centers around the appraisal of the standard working strategies in the kitchen lab of Adamson University Hospitality Management Departmentas saw by Hospitality Management Students and Faculty individuals from Adamson University. The segment profile of the respondents and the perception of gear, devices, legitimate planning, accepting and returning of instruments, appropriate capacity of devices and hardware in stockrooms are the reliant factors. Utilizing each poll, the specialists had the option to decide if the standard working strategies inside the kitchen research facilities of Adamson University had a major effect as far as the wellbeing of their understudies and teachers. Reasonable PARADIGM Figure 1. Title? The figure shows the reasonable worldview of this investigation dependent on the Input, Process and Output (I-P-O) component. The Description in the contribution of the SOP introduced the evaluation of the Kitchen Laboratory of Adamson University Hospitality Management Department. As far as profile of the respondents, components to be considered in SOP are kitchen manual appropriate execution, hardware use, accepting and returning exercises, and legitimate stockpiling. The procedure and strategy, then again, contained the conveyance of poll, doing reviews, and performing perceptions. In the last yield, kitchen manual will be introduced and recommended dependent on the poll, study and perception results.

Popular music in America: The beat goes on Essay

The electric climate the first occasion when I went to a live show gains for affectionate experiences. The Kongos will stay to be my preferred band as they were the primary demonstration. I had never gone to a live show however with the proposal from my companions for some not to pass up on opportunity, I needed to yield. From the enticing Neon lights at the passage to the long queues of brilliant fans wearing all way of the Kongos formal attire, I could tell I was in for a demonstration of my life . The show occurred in an amphitheater. Inside, the scene was pressed and being my first time, I had some blended responses on being in such a packed spot. Lager appeared to be the endorsed liquid as nearly everybody had a Can and its impact on the group could be felt. The stunning blast from the speakers put all around the scene made correspondence hard. One needed to lean in to their accomplice and talk boisterously so as to be heard. Never had I experienced such degrees of clamor. The band playing in front of an audience took their bows denoting their peak with a furious exhibition that comprised of substantial instrumentals. My ears were ringing when the stage lights went off. For me that flagged the finish of the show yet I wasn't right. I later came to realize its called the initial demonstration. The group ejected into stunning shouts which left me befuddled when the lights went off and in a smooth movement, the stuffed crowd invited the fundamental demonstration for this situat ion the Kongos with their melody â€Å"Hey I know† (Campbell, 2013). The Kongos are a South-African elective Rock Band comprising of four siblings Jesse (percussion, drums and vocals), Johnny (console, accordion and vocals), Dylan (lap slide guitar, vocals and low pitch guitar) and Daniel Kongos (guitar and vocals). One could tell the science of the siblings at work. At this point I had become acclimated to the boisterous sound at the setting and was having a ball. The drums were practically inborn with overwhelming activity from Jesse and gifted combination with the slide guitar. â€Å"Sex On the Radio† came next with the overwhelming drums and the accordion (Campbell, 2013). The exhibition of â€Å"Kids These Days† had the crowd chiming in a moderate tanked route set apart with discord and closure with a beating finish. The climate was changed with a moderate melody this time â€Å"Take Me back† which was described by orchestrated vocals joined by an accordion. The â€Å"Escape must be the best execution for me where Jesse applied expressive vocal. The beat for this situation was as yet conspicuous however less pounding. As of now, the group was in a free for all and was applauding along. The rapper vivacious melody â€Å"I’m Only Joking† must be the tune with the most vitality than the rest as each individual from the band was hopping with the group bouncing with them(Campbell, 2013). Two Beatles spread melodies were all around done and an opportune amazement. â€Å"Come Together† was set apart by fast raps from Mo Gordon an expansion to the set with a permeating strain. â€Å"Get Back† was played with a great deal of fervor and vitality where the guitars were cleaning, organ twirling and the drums moaning with additional to come. The end was â€Å"Come With Me Now† where the group chimed in all through the melody and the band played it for all the tune is worth. The bassist and vocalist Dylan whipped his hair all around during the tune. The show was incredible. The band was high vitality, the vocals extraordinary, a driving musicality and high talented musicianship which made for an incredible first show evening. I anticipate going to more shows later on. References Campbell, M. (2013). Popular music in America: The beat goes on. Source report

Critical Thinking and Reasons Essay

Notice what the subtleties in this section have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the essayist settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the essayist has clarified and imparted her point effectively. The proof that bolsters the point in a section frequently comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and so forth) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example passage over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this section have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the essayist settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the essayist has clarified and imparted her point effectively. The proof that bolsters the point in a passage regularly comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, S econd, and so forth) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example section over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this passage have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the author settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the author has clarified and conveyed her point effectively. The proof that underpins the point in a passage frequently comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and so forth) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example passage over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this section have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the author settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the essayist has clarified and conveyed her point effectively. The proof that underpins the point in a passage frequently comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and such) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example section over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this passage have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the author settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the essayist has clarified and conveyed her point effectively. The proof that bolsters the point in a section regularly comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and so forth) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example section over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this passage have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the essayist settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the author has clarified and conveyed her point effectively. The proof that bolsters the point in a section regularly comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and so forth) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example section over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this passage have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the essayist settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the author has clarified and imparted her point effectively. The proof that bolsters the point in a section regularly comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and so forth) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example passage over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this section have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the essayist settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the essayist has clarified and conveyed her point effectively. The proof that bolsters the point in a section regularly comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and such) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example passage over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons. Notice what the subtleties in this passage have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the essayist settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the author has clarified and conveyed her point effectively. The proof that underpins the point in a passage frequently comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and so forth) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example section over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this passage have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the essayist settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the author has clarified and conveyed her point effectively. The proof that bolsters the point in a passage frequently comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Sec ond, and so forth) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example passage over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this section have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the essayist settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the author has clarified and imparted her point effectively. The proof that underpins the point in a section frequently comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and so forth) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example section over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this passage have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the author settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the essayist has clarified and conveyed her point effectively. The proof that underpins the point in a passage regularly comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and such) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example section over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this passage have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the essayist settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the essayist has clarified and conveyed her point effectively. The proof that underpins the point in a passage regularly comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and so forth) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example section over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons. Notice what the subtleties in this passage have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the essayist settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the essayist has clarified and conveyed her point effectively. The proof that bolsters the point in a section regularly comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and such) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example passage over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this section have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the essayist settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the essayist has clarified and conveyed her point effectively. The proof that bolsters the point in a passage regularly comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second , and so forth) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example passage over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this section have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the author settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the author has clarified and imparted her point effectively. The proof that underpins the point in a section regularly comprises of a progression of reasons presented by signal words (First of all, Second, and so forth) and followed by models and subtleties that help the reasons. That is valid for the example passage over: three reasons are given, trailed by models and subtleties that back up those reasons.Notice what the subtleties in this section have done. They have given you, the peruser, with a reason for understanding what the author settled on the choice she did. Through explicit proof, the author has clarified and imparted her point effectively. The proof that bolsters the point in a passage

21st Century Teaching Process What Makes Students To Be The Creators - 550 Words

Education And The 21st Century Teaching Process: What Makes Students To Be The Creators (Term Paper Sample) Content: 21st CENTURY TEACHINGInstitution:Name:The 21st century teaching process is designed in a manner that makes students to be the creators and recipients of information at the same time. This helps to prepare them for a different kind of workplace in their future-fast pace, ensuring life- long studying and technology-rich. The 21st century teaching is based on the following key skills: ways of thinking, ways of working, ability to think critically and solve problems, literacy in technology, personal organization, ways of living in the word among other skills.Technology has played a very major role in 21st century teaching process to teachers and learners. Teachers are playing new roles of coaching, mentoring and aiding learners in their studies rather than to take the normal way of spoon feeding learners in classrooms. According to Branson (1991) study, learners are able to learn along with teachers and also learn by interacting with their fellow students all over the wor ld. In fact, in the 21st century teaching practice, students are able to learn more than what instructors teach them in class. Therefore, for the teaching process to be productive, instructors and students need to use technology in accordance to their availability and requirements as well. Technology also has enabled teachers and learners to have up to date knowledge and information since information is available by just key in a button. Accurate and right information is necessary for effective teaching and learning; By definition, Information technology (Haag 1998) it is a tool has helped teaches and students to acquire the right information at the right time. By use of technology, learners are able to decide on their studies, time for learning, resources and also place of study in a way better than before. Also, students are in a position to work in an environment that is supportive (Rashid 2001). Since they are able to seek help from their instructors and also their fellow studen ts. Also, they are able to share ideas and learning experiences by use of technology in productive and romantic manner. By use of technology teachers and students can work together through remote sites. Also, the community of students can widen to take in to consideration anyone who wishes to obtain information and also those who are not cut off by cost or policy.Teachers address technology standards and skills by embracing information technology in their teaching learning process in various ways. These aid teachers in preparation of teaching notes for admirable presentations as well as facilitating learners on the other side. Again, teachers embrace use of computers to keep record of large class- enrollment lists, for testing items among other tasks and also have students review as well as updating their records time in time out. Technology has enabled shift from teach and recitation to coaching. By embracing this, teachers are able to interact with students and facilitate them on how to use and reflect responses (Menges 1994).The are various issues that shape the way technology is use in classroom; By requiring learning to use databases in their searches, encourage learners to use electronic mails to ask questions a for assignment submission. Also, by use of computers students are ...

Essay about Jamestown Project - 1374 Words

The Jamestown Project discusses the monumental landmark, the colony of Jamestown, was in Atlantic History. The story of Jamestown is told in a much more authentic, elaborate style than our textbooks has presented. As Kupperman points out, Jamestown was not only important to United State’s history but also to British history. From the motivations to the lasting effects, she gives an accurate account of all components involved in Jamestown. Also, there is a chapter devoted to the Native American experience, which shows a non-Western view of events. The book is written in a format that is easily read but also compacted with information. More importantly she puts Jamestown in its right place in United State’s and British history, as the†¦show more content†¦Chapter four analyzes this fascination. It starts off talking about Thomas Trevilian, an author of â€Å"an elaborate commonplace book,† that showed â€Å"the English public was keenly interested in th e world and in understanding how to categorize the knowledge about all the new things, people, and cultures of which specimens and descriptions were now available to them. â€Å"(109-110) Their thirst for learning about the new was quenched by frequent plays, narratives and other writings by colonist, and â€Å"cabinets of curiosities,† early version of museums. The fifth chapter examines the effect geography, climate and more importantly the naming of the areas in the colonial era. â€Å" The power to apply a name and make it stick implied ownership and control.† (147) Also, it discusses the climate and weather affect on Jamestown and the world’s relation. It talks about the â€Å" Little Ice Age,† and how the â€Å"colder temperatures were compounded by unprecedented drought throughout North America in the period of contact and the first settlement.† (171) Chapter six contrast Jamestown with other British colonies in Ireland, the West Indies, G uiana, Roanoke, Newfoundland, and New England. She focus on Ireland because the colonization of Ireland taught the English how â€Å"to transfer a social order and to transform the native population.† (208) The first year of Jamestown existence is the focus of chapter seven. It’s name, â€Å"Uncertain Beginnings†Show MoreRelatedWhy Did So Many Colonists Die?1391 Words   |  6 Pagesearly Jamestown, from 1607 to 1610, 452 colonists died even though Jamestown was supplied with 560 colonists. This leaves only 90 colonists left after the May of 1610. On May 14, 1607, colonists set off for Jamestown Island to build a settlement there. They did not know that there were close to 15,000 Powhatan Indians in the forest. Most people who came were from the ages of 17 to 35 years old. Some were servants that needed to pay off debt while others wanted to get profit from the project and wouldRead MoreJamestown The Buried Truth By William M. Kelso1579 Words   |  7 PagesJ amestown The Buried Truth, was an exciting book that unearthed the lost James Fort that was established in the early 17th century. It was told by the lead Archaeologist of the Jamestown Rediscovery Project, William M. Kelso, published by the University of Virginia Press in, 2006. Kelso tells the journey of this twelve year project of discovering Jamestown in preparation for the 400th anniversary back in 2007. Along the way they found the graves of seventy people, artifacts, trash pits, armor, evidenceRead MoreCompare And Contrast Jamestown And Plymouth Colony1269 Words   |  6 Pages Jamestown is located in Virginia (â€Å"Jamestown Colony† n.d.) 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The Body Of Written Works Essay - 1409 Words

American literature is the body of written works produced in the English language in the United States. Like other national literatures, American Literature was also shaped by the history of the country that produced it. The development of science and industry as well as changes in ways of thinking and feeling, wrought many modifications in people’s lives. This entire factor in the development of the United States molded the Literature of the country. The Seventeenth Century writings included biographies, treatises, accounts of voyages and sermons. There were few achievements in drama or fiction. Novel is an invented prose narrative form with considerable length and a certain complexity that deals imaginatively with human experience. It usually connects sequence of events that involved a group of persons in a specific setting. Novel in its broad framework, the genre of the novel has embraced an extensive range of types and styles like Picaresque, Epistolary, Gothic, Romantic, Realist, and Historical. The novel is a genre of fiction, and fiction may be defined as the art or craft of contriving, through the written word, representations of human life that instruct or divert or both. The term novel is derived from the Italian word novella that represents a diminutive historical parent form. The novella was a kind of enlarged anecdote like those to be found in the fourteenth century Italian classic Boccaccio’s Decomeron, each of which exemplifies the etymologyShow MoreRelatedThe Disposable Rockets By Curtis Sittenfield And John Updike1219 Words   |  5 PagesTwo writers, Curtis Sittenfield and John Updike have written pieces that are insightful works about the lives of men and women. The works are written in different styles. 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These sufferings includedRead MoreThe Body As Attire, By Dorothy Ko953 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1997, Dorothy Ko published an article in the Journal of Women’s History called â€Å"The Body as Attire: The Shifting Meanings of Footbinding in Seventeen-Century China†. The article is organized wi th a brief introduction as to what footbinding is, the negative outlook on this practice due to problematic archives, and then she discusses the examples she gives to support her thesis. Ko’s thesis was â€Å"Chinese elite males in the seventeenth century regarded footbinding in three ways: as an expressionRead Moreoutline the different forms of verbal and non-verbal communication1332 Words   |  6 Pages messages or information; as by speech, visuals, signals, written work or behaviour. It is the meaningful exchange of information between two or more living creatures. 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The novel itselfRead MoreLiterature Review on the Human Brain: Can Fear Be Prevented?837 Words   |  3 PagesScientists research the human body so that we, as human-beings, know how to protect our bodies and can learn some interesting facts for the better of our knowledge. Many think that the brain is an interesting topic. It is probably because there are still many things about the human body that are unknown. The human brain is just like the ocean, dark and strange. The brain is one of the most mysterious in our bodies because there is still so much that isn’t known about it. With new advances in technologyRead MoreThe Great Literary Works of Solomon Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Literary Works of Solomon Mary A. Wilson BIB 113 – Old Testament History Grand Canyon University Dr. Calvin Habig, Instructor August 16, 2009 The Great Literary Works of Solomon The purpose of the Book of Psalms is to provide the expression of praise, worship and confession to God. The purpose of the Book of Proverbs is to teach people how to attain wisdom, discipline, and a prudent life, and how to do what is right, just, and fair. In short, to apply divine wisdomRead MoreCommunication in Health and Social Care1156 Words   |  5 PagesNon-verbal communication is behaviour, other than spoken or written communication, that creates or represents meaning. In other words, it includes facial expressions, body movements, and gestures.   Nonverbal communication is talking without speaking a word. It is very effective, maybe even more so than speech.It is communication of feelings, emotions, attitudes, and thoughts through body movements / gestures / eye contact, etc. Written communication has great significance in today’s business worldRead MoreHow Do People Communicate?894 Words   |  4 Pageswould like to share, encoding it, and sharing it through written, nonverbal or verbal means directly to their audience who then decodes such information. Through verbal communication, people speak and listen to a message, which contains non-verbal cues, for example, facial expression and posture, tone of voice, as well as handwriting style. It is estimated that 55 percent of all human communication involves nonverbal facial expressions. Written communication, on the other hand, involves electronic signalsRead MoreDefining Literature Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagesbe defined as. This is more of an opinion of how one views certain pieces of work or writings and whether or not they feel that is actually literature or not. Literature is any type of creative writing such as fiction or poetry, for example. Literature is also any form of body of written works of language, which could be from the English era or even as far back as the Shakespearean or Elizabethan era. It is also work from a specific period or culture defining key elements or somehow relating to

The Jungle Argumentative Essay Example For Students

The Jungle Argumentative Essay The Jungle took place 100 years ago. We have come a long way, and a change would not be easy. I believe controled capitalism would be the best way to aid the most people. Programs like welfare, medicare and medicade would, be set up (although, not the way they are today). Jurgis and his family always fall on hard times during the winter. People get sick, they dont have enough food or clothing and they cannot get to work. These social programs would hopefully mend these problems. Government angencies (this is a dangerous part, because bureaucrats screw things up, and corruption is not uncommon) should be set up, such as the FDA, in order to preserve the quality of food. Jurgis unknowingly buys impure food. He buys sausages with potatoe paste, which has no nutritional value. This causes people to get sick in the long run. Another way of preventing bad food, would be to pass legislation like the Food Act. Another problem faced in the Jungle is the problem of money. The wages are so low, that Jurgis can barley keep alive. They are paid the bare minimum, which should not be the minimum wage. A minimum wage should be set, that allows for small expenses like a movie or extra food. Also, children (14 is my begining work age) should be paid the same amount as men (this applies to women as well). The workers have no way of retaliating against the packers. Unions dont work because there is always someone who is willing to do the job for less. The workers need some sort of government induced way of negotiating with the packers. The reason they are paid so low is because they are expendable. The government should start worker programs like the WPA (from the depression). They could build roads and bridges, which are badly needed in Chicago anyway. The Stalkyards would benifit from this because they would have an easier time transporting goods in the town. Most of these programs have a socialist point of view, but can only be executed by a capitalist economy. In socialism, there is no cause for advancement, and there is no way to become bigger and better. This is the exact problem that Jurgis faces, because he cannot advance, and make more money. Socialism doesnt take into account workers abilities, so a veteran meat hacker gets paid as much as a newbie, which is unfair. There is a lot of proof that these ideas would work. Things like the WPA, FDA and Food Act were passed. Minimum wage was established, and welfare became a reality. Just on a side note, a world war would help the American economy because we have yet to be attacked in the last 100 years. The American economy soars after world wars (the roaring 20s and the 50s). Bibliography:

The Hoxton Creeper Essay Example

The Hoxton Creeper Paper I am going to review Sherlock Holmes and the two films starring Basil Rathbone in the role of being Holmes. In English the two films I have watched recently are: The Pearl of Death and The Scarlet Claw. I enjoyed the film: The Pearl of Death because it is based upon the story The Adventure of the Six Napoleons. The film was made in 1944 in Hollywood, and is updated to the 1940s London in the Blitz. Sherlock Holmes is in disguise very often. He looks realistic to the person he is imitating and there is no recognition of his original form. The unique feature in the film is the introduction of the Hoxton Creeper. In the story the villain is Beppo but we see Rando Hatton performing as the Hoxton Creeper in the film. Holmes calls the Hoxton Creeper a monster with the chest of a buffalo and the arms of a gorilla. This is an exciting way to describe the Creeper this makes us want to see what the Creeper looks like, and when we see him we are not disappointed. The Creeper adds an excellent dimension to the story. He always appears in shadowy places and he is an enormous actor who suffers from acromegaly. This is a progressive glandular deformity which causes enlargement of the extremities. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hoxton Creeper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Hoxton Creeper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Hoxton Creeper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This makes the film more deadly. The Hoxton Creepers face is only seen at the end of the film he moves in silhouette through all the scenes. This is good positioning of the camera. This creates hesitancy. Our teacher said the film was horrifying and it gave him nightmares when he was a boy. These days films are much more graphic and give many watchers more of a shock. The Creeper goes on to break the backs of people who own a bust of Napoleon, because in one of the busts is hidden the famous Borgia pearl. He smashes the bust and other plates to cover up what he is hoping to find. Rondo Hatton spent his formative years in Tampa, Florida. Once he graduated from his High school, he fought in World War 1. This led to him being gassed in 1917 and his health deteriorated. Hatton worked as a newspaper reporter. He was later noticed for the film industry in the mid 1930s and he realized he had the potential of himself featuring in Hollywood films. He soon started working in the early 1940s for Universal Horror Films. Here is a picture of ugly Rondo Hatton. Disguise is awesome throughout the film. Sherlock Holmes uses disguise, so do several of the criminals.

Free Essays on Carmen Jones

How A Widow Grieves At 28, Nicole Reda is learning that letting go of the pain over losing Greg means letting go of him. So she's adopted a few of his habits Nicole Reda's house is spotless. She has two young children and no hired help, but there isn't a Tonka truck in sight. The one sign of clutter is basket after basket of warm, crisply folded laundry. You can see your reflection in her living-room floor. Nicole used to be the messy half of her marriage. Her husband Greg was the family maid, quietly picking up other people's stuff. He wiped the bathroom mirror with Windex after his morning shower and gently insisted that he and Nicole rotate which chairs they sat in so no single cushion sagged from overuse. He actually enjoyed changing diapers. Ever since the Tuesday when Greg, 33, did not return from his 95th-floor office at 1 World Trade Center, Nicole has been the one sweeping and scrubbing. "I think that by cleaning and leaving his clothes in the closet and keeping things just the way he had them, it's like some part of him is still here even if the time is passing," she says. The meat loaves and pasta from the neighbors arrive on Nicole's doorstep just once a week now. A month ago, she spentand slept throughher first night without either her brother or her mother camped out on the futon in the computer room. Nicole stopped praying that the rescuers would turn up a wisp of Greg's DNA; on Sept. 22 she buried him without a body or a casket. Nicole is just 28, but she had already spent nearly half those years with Greg. Both born and raised in Brooklyn, they met the first week of her freshman year at Pace University. They watched Ghost on their first date. Defying the marriage-and-kids-can-wait trend, they bought a starter house on Long Island almost three years ago. Nicole quit her job as a speech therapist to stay home with the children. Greg's hour-and-a-half commute to the insurance brokerage firm Marsh ... Free Essays on Carmen Jones Free Essays on Carmen Jones How A Widow Grieves At 28, Nicole Reda is learning that letting go of the pain over losing Greg means letting go of him. So she's adopted a few of his habits Nicole Reda's house is spotless. She has two young children and no hired help, but there isn't a Tonka truck in sight. The one sign of clutter is basket after basket of warm, crisply folded laundry. You can see your reflection in her living-room floor. Nicole used to be the messy half of her marriage. Her husband Greg was the family maid, quietly picking up other people's stuff. He wiped the bathroom mirror with Windex after his morning shower and gently insisted that he and Nicole rotate which chairs they sat in so no single cushion sagged from overuse. He actually enjoyed changing diapers. Ever since the Tuesday when Greg, 33, did not return from his 95th-floor office at 1 World Trade Center, Nicole has been the one sweeping and scrubbing. "I think that by cleaning and leaving his clothes in the closet and keeping things just the way he had them, it's like some part of him is still here even if the time is passing," she says. The meat loaves and pasta from the neighbors arrive on Nicole's doorstep just once a week now. A month ago, she spentand slept throughher first night without either her brother or her mother camped out on the futon in the computer room. Nicole stopped praying that the rescuers would turn up a wisp of Greg's DNA; on Sept. 22 she buried him without a body or a casket. Nicole is just 28, but she had already spent nearly half those years with Greg. Both born and raised in Brooklyn, they met the first week of her freshman year at Pace University. They watched Ghost on their first date. Defying the marriage-and-kids-can-wait trend, they bought a starter house on Long Island almost three years ago. Nicole quit her job as a speech therapist to stay home with the children. Greg's hour-and-a-half commute to the insurance brokerage firm Marsh ...

Paraphrasing#2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paraphrasing#2 - Essay Example The readings are then to be taken using a multi-meter. Resistors in circuit one had all currents through the same because they were connected in series. In a series connection, voltage is divided among all the components. Resistors in circuit two had equal voltage through them because they were in a parallel connection. This is because current flowing through them is the same. In circuit three, R2 and R3 were in parallel hence equal voltage through them. The last circuit four had had R1 and R5 resistors in a series arrangement hence equal current through them. From the experiment’s results, the function generator produced square waves. It displayed in the form of waves as seen in the oscilloscope. The wave measured 3Vpp and 1.0 KHz and had the shape of a saw tooth. The experiment’s aim was to make a voltage divider in the multisim. The voltage divider was to equally divide circuit one into two parts. Circuits two and three were to be divided into three and four parts respectively. In the first circuit, currents I1 and I2 were equal. Vi1 and V2 were also equal since the connection was series. In circuit two, the voltage divider we designed divided the voltage of 12v three times and verified that by measuring with a multi-meter. In circuit three, we again verified that the voltage divider had divided the 12v. In circuit one, we determined the voltages Va, Vb, Vc Vac, and Vbc using readings from the multi-meter. The current I2 and source current Is3 were also determined. In circuit two, current through the 10ÃŽ © resistor was also determined. In the last circuit three, a nodal analysis was applied in the circuit. The objective was to examine the prototype board and use the multi-meters provided to measure the resistance, current, and DC current through the circuit. Using the oscilloscope, we were also to measure Ac voltage. Finally, we have to create voltage from the generator provided. Based on the experiment’s objectives, we

Legal Method Skills & Reasoning Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Method Skills & Reasoning - Coursework Example Consequently, her application for review of CICA’s decision by the First Tier Tribunal - Social Entitlement Chamber, and the decision held by the Upper Tribunal -Administrative Appeals Chamber is refused on the grounds that, CICA’s decision was in conformity with the requirements of s.20 of the Offences Against the Person Act 18612. There are, therefore, three principal issues before the Court of Appeal. The first issue is an interpretation of s.20 of the Offences Against the Person Act 18613. The second issue is the determination of whether psychiatric illness may constitute bodily harm within the meaning of the section 20 and section 474. The third issue is for the court to decide whether, with the provisions of The Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme 2001, psychiatric illness is deemed a mental injury and whether Petal’s injury fall under the qualifications of mental for which award of compensation was warranted5. In giving its judgment, CICA stated  "Petal’s application for compensation is declined because that her injury was not attributable to a ‘crime of violence’ and, in any event, her injury was not a mental injury for which compensation could be paid.† Facts The facts of Petal’s case are well set out in the reported judgment of CICA; therefore, I would only offer a brief and short description of the facts. Orlando Fiction and Petal Agatha Scissor, a 20 year old student at UEA, met through an online dating service. They started dating and soon were involved in a sexual encounter, had unprotected sex-without a condom-, on their very first date. At the time, Petal nothing about her partner, only that he had working in South Africa and had just returned to England. Orlando Fiction and Petal Agatha Scissor had multiple, frequent unprotected. Orlando, months later, died in a road accident. Through Orlando’s mother-who she met at Orlando’s funeral-Petal learned that Orlando had been HIV positive and was not under antiretroviral drugs. After six months of medical tests, it was conclusively determined that Petal was not HIV infected. This experience resulted in Petal suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, which became severe and eventually she ended up in a psychiatric hospital. On a solicitor’s advice, she applied for compensation from the Criminal Injuries Compensation Authority on the basis of the provisions under the Compensation Scheme 20016. Her application was refused on the basis that her injury were not as a result of a crime of violence7 and that her psychiatric illness did not constitute a mental injury for which compensation is warranted8. She later appealed against this decision to the First Tier Tribunal arguing that Orlando had committed an offence under s.20 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861; this appeal was, however, dismissed, with the tribunal upholding CICA’s decision asserting that, Petal’

Economics Exchange Rates Commentary Essay Example for Free

Economics Exchange Rates Commentary Essay NEW YORK (Dow Jones)The dollar continued its slide Wednesday, touching its lowest level in 12 months against the euro and flagging against the yen as rising equities battered the greenback yet again. The dollar has lost key legs of support over the past two weeks as encouraging global economic data has led investors to assume more risk and buy higher-yielding assets. With the recession receding and financial markets in recovery, investors have become more confident theres no longer a need to hold their money in a safe-harbor currency like the dollar. Because of the Federal Reserves need to stimulate the economy, the dollars ultra-low interest rates have made it the lowest-yielding major currency. The cost of borrowing U.S. dollars in the London interbank market continued its slide Wednesday. The key three-month London interbank offered rate marked its lowest level since the British Bankers Association first introduced its Libor fixings in 1986. The dollar hit its lowest level against the common currency since September 2008 in New York afternoon trading, with the euro touching a 12-month high at $1.4738. If the euro is able to sustain levels above $1.4720, a key technical level, it could be on a march to $1.50, said Carl Forcheski, vice president for foreign exchange at Societe Generale in New York. The dollars losses were broad, sinking to new 13-month lows against the Australian and New Zealand dollars as well as lows for 2009 versus other widely traded counterparts. The U.K. pound also piggy-backed off the euros gains to advance on the dollar. The yen had been the so-called carry trade currency of choice, but with U.S. interest rates expected to remain feeble until 2010, analysts anticipate the dollar to continue funding riskier bets. A carry trade involves buying a lower-yielding currency to fund purchases of higher-yielding assets. The dollar was also burdened Wednesday by comments from Japans incoming finance minister, Hirohisa Fujii, who said he saw no need to intervene in currency markets to weaken the yen. In the past, the dollar had received support from the belief that Japan would intervene to prevent unwanted appreciation of its currency. Theres no change in my thinking that its not the time to consider foreign-exchange intervention, Fujii said at a news conference. Though he wouldnt rule out intervention in what he termed really abnormal situations, Fujii said the idea that the yen should be cheaper for the sake of [Japans] exporters is wrong. Wednesday afternoon in New York, the euro was at $1.4729 from $1.4667 late Tuesday, according to EBS via CQG. The dollar was at Y90.78 from Y91.06. The euro was at Y133.72 from Y133.60. The U.K. pound was at $1.6506 from $1.6495, while the dollar was at CHF1.0306 from CHF1.0340. U.S. economic data released Wednesday, including as-expected August consumer price index and better-than-expected industrial production numbers, pointed to a continuing recovery, leading stocks to rally. The Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 108 points, lending support to the euro and other high-yielders. The dollar looks likely to continue its broad-based slide through the rest of the year, analysts said. As long as the buck doesnt fall too far too fast, dollar weakness is expected in a time of loose monetary policy, said Adnan Akant, a currency specialist at money manager Fischer Francis Trees Watts, a New York unit of BNP Paribas. Right now, the euro and other higher-yielding currencies are reaping the benefits of a global economic turnaround and stock market rallies, but within the next 12 months, the dollar should start benefitting from a recovering U.S. economy, said Wells Fargo analysts. The Canadian dollar ended higher near its strongest levels of the day Wednesday, reflecting another sustained flight into riskier assets like stocks and commodities at the expense of the slumping U.S. dollar. The U.S. dollar was trading at C$1.0666 late afternoon, from C$1.0721 late Tuesday. Strong gains for oil, gold and other commodities as well as rising North American equity markets underpinned the Canadian dollars gains, although the currency again failed to mount a serious challenge of its year-to-date high at C$1.0639, achieved in early August. Commentary The article refers to a depreciation of the dollar against major currencies due to â€Å"ultra-low interest rates† and increased risk by investors. The Federal Reserve has been cutting interest rates in an attempt to boost aggregate demand and stimulate the economy. High interest rates in an economy generally encourage investment in that currency as the value of the investment will increase over time. Currently US interest rates set by the Federal Reserve are around 0.25% compared to the European Central Bank’s 1%. Because of this, investors have switched to higher yielding currencies, such as the Euro, and to a lesser extent the Pound, causing a fall in the Dollar’s exchange rate. This is shown in Diagram 1. As the diagram shows, a right shift in the supply of the Dollar leads to a fall in its price relative to the Euro. In addition, the aforementioned cutting of interest rates is an expansionary monetary policy used to manipulate aggregate demand. The trade off of this policy is increased inflation. A high rate of inflation might further decrease investment in Dollar assets as the real value of the investment would decrease over time. During times of economic crisis, investors tend to invest in low risk assets such as generally strong currencies like the dollar. However with signs that the global economy is exiting the recession and in recovery, not only does the demand for safe-harbor currencies like the dollar decrease, but there is an increased demand for high risk investment due to bullish speculation. In addition, some consumers, firms, or foreign central banks might believe that despite the improving economic situation, the Dollar will continue to fall as the article mentions and sell dollar assets. This bearish speculation would further increase the supply of the dollar and perhaps lead to self-fulfilling prophecy. As shown above, the combination of the three factors leads to a sharp fall in the exchange rate. As previously mentioned, this depreciation could cause a self-fulfilling prophecy in which the initial bearish speculation leads to depreciation, which in turn causes more bearish speculation causing the exchange rate to enter a downward spiral. Initially, the Federal Reserve might not intervene but if the depreciation continued, it would be forced to buy back Dollars to counteract the increases in supply. This would slow the depreciation, discouraging people from selling dollars. It might even create bearish speculation as some might assume the dollar market will bottom out and start to appreciate. The depreciation of the Dollar should benefit the US economy by means of an improved current account deficit. Initially, the deficit will worsen as the demand for imports and exports is inelastic in the short run, but eventually the current account balance will improve as US exports become more competitive. US export revenue will increase while expenditure will fall. This improved current account situation will boost AD leading to economic growth. This is shown below in Diagram 3. Diagram 3 However, as the diagram shows, in the long run, there will be the trade off of inflation as AD rises. This might encourage Federal Reserve to strengthen the Dollar to reduce imported cost-push inflation. In addition, the increased demand for US exports will increase the demand for the Dollar causing appreciation. Foreign nations might eventually implement import controls such as tariffs on US goods in order to preserve their own current account balances. Eventually, the Dollar should regain its status as a high-yielding currency [ 1 ]. The value of one currency expressed in term of another [ 2 ]. A period in a business cycle following a recession, during which the GDP rises. [ 3]. Believing that a particular security, a sector, or the overall market is about to rise [ 4 ]. Revenue from the exports of goods and services and income flows is less than the expenditure on the import of goods and services and income flows in a given year

The Diary of an Anne Frank Essay -- Essays Papers

The Diary of an Anne Frank The events recounted in Anne Frank’s Diary took place during World War 11. By 1933, the strongest party in Germany had gained ultimate power with Hitler under their command. Hitler was Germany’s dictator who spread his gospel of racial hatred through politics. While poverty and unemployment were at an all time high he launched a campaign of anti-Semitism. Hitler’s main target was the Jews, claiming that they were â€Å"racially inferior.† He developed an idea of a Master Aryan Race, the need to rid Germany of â€Å"inferior people†, such as Jews and Gypsies, and the need to expand Germany’s borders. In doing this, he caused many Jews to abandoned their homes and go into total isolation. The Frank family was one of many who endured Hitler's wrath. The Diary of Anne Frank is about a little girl who tells her story of struggle and courage through her diary. On Anne’s thirteenth birthday she received various presents, but the present that she cherished the most was her diary that she named â€Å"Kitty†. The Diary of Anne Frank, captures Anne’s feelings, emotions, thoughts, and events that surrounded her. On May 10, 1940 the German Army invaded the Netherlands, where Anne and her family lived. The invasion caused them to go into secret hiding, because of fear of their life. This was the first measure in the campaign of persecution against the Jews of the Netherlands. A short phrase captures Anne’s emotions about this situation; â€Å"Anti-Jewish decrees followed each other in quick succession. Jews must wear yellow star, Jews must hand in their bicycles, Jew are banned from trams and are forbidden to drive. Jews must be indoor by eight o’clock and cannot even sit in their own gardens after hour. Jews may not take part in any public sports. Jews may not visit Christians. Our freedom wa s strictly limited. Yet things were bearable.† Even though things were tough, Anne always tried to look for the good things in situations and make the best of them. After the invasion the Frank family went into hiding in the â€Å"Secret Annexe† with the help of Mr. Franks colleagues. This is where her two-year journey of fear begins for Anne. I am sure that such repression and fear of life would make almost any teenager completely depressed and miserable. However, Anne managed to keep her hope for a better tomorrow and man... ...heerfulness attitude. One person recalls, â€Å" She was very pallid at first, but there was something so intensely attractive about her frailty and her expressive face.† Despite what was going on around her, she tried to keep a joyful attitude at Westerbork. Shortly after Anne’s sister died of typhus, Anne sensed something was wrong with herself and passed away peacefully. If she had survived a few more days she would have been there for the liberation of the concentration camp. The Diary of Anne Frank is wonderfully well presented, not losing the interest of the reader. Each part of the diary helps me understand the terrible hardships that she faced and how she overcame her problems. Even though she was young, she still had a very effective style of writing to inform her readers. This book shows us the ignorance of what Hitler caused thinking that one race is â€Å"racially inferior† to another. The Diary of Anne Frank is a superb book to read to find out about the struggle and hardships that that the Jews had to face during World War 11. It showed me that even the Nazis could not diminish the hope and happiness of a fourteen-year-old girl named Anne Frank.

Representations of Men in Advertising

What is a man? This question may be odd to hear, but it's a question that is answered constantly by advertisers in print ads and television commercials, all with different approaches. But he question the advertises are asking is â€Å"What images of men will sell my product? â€Å". There is the image of the rebel, the masculine heroes, the violent or aggressive man, or the classic ‘Gentleman'. In recent years we see advertisers moving closer towards the image of the ‘modern man'. The modern man, also known as the metro-sexual man, can be defined as well groomed, health and body conscious, and well dressed. The deconstruction of the two advertisements, Ralph Lauren and Michelob Ultra, accentuate this image and show its influence on the male audience. The Michelob Ultra advertisement preys on the modern mans body image perceptions, and uses them to create a desire for their product. The ad depicts an athletic swimmer, of whom we are to believe consumes the product, getting out of the pool, a picture of the product, and the heading â€Å"Lose the Carbs. Not the taste†. The caption â€Å"†¦ this is your fountain of youth† insinuates that this product will keep you healthy youthful, while being able to enjoy alcohol. There is a famous quote from Edgar A. Schoaff that reads, â€Å"Advertising is the art of making whole lies, out of half truths†. This ad from Michelob is a perfect example of this. In reality, the beer still contains carbs, almost the same amount as regular beer, but using an almost irrelevant idea of low carbs and transforming it into a, for lack of a better term, ‘healthy' beer. This misleading idea forces easily persuaded body conscious males to believe in their product. Ultimately, this kind of advertising manipulates males thoughts and plants false images of an unattainable body. The ‘modern man' look has grown increasingly more popular due to advertisers push to make men obsessing over their own body image. The advertisement for Ralph Lauren targets these image wise men and positions themselves as the ‘right' image. The ad is almost completely in black and white, with just the brand name, â€Å"Ralph Lauren† standing out in the background. The contrast makes for a striking and eye catching advertisement, with a hint of panache. It depicts three young men hurdling over a tennis net, boasting their clothes and style. Thre three men are racing, playing off men's stereotypical competitiveness and pursuit to be the best. The ad suggests that Ralph Lauren will help you get there. David Foster Wallace sums this up with his quote, â€Å"It did what all ads are supposed to do: create an anxiety relievable by purchase†. The anxiety is the endeavour to be the best and the brand will help you in that objective. Therefore, this ad boasts itself as an image of what the modern man should strive for. As a result of the many advertising archetypes presented and beliefs about normalcy, young men are growing up being bombarded by different representations and images of males and find it impossible to not fall victim of them. Young men are often enticed to emulate what they see on the television, hear on the radio or read on a newspaper ad. The allure of the lifestyle presented in advertising is most often great enough to coax the consumer to buy into it. These facts are supported by the aforementioned advertisements. Both similar in regards to target audiences, and give impressions of the modern man. One of perfect body aspirations, and the other a pursuit for the perfect look. But both simultaneously give people ambitions to be the modern man.

What I Think When I Have A Writing - 849 Words

What I Think When I Have to Write Since the first time I picked up a pencil and a piece of paper I have been taught how things ought to be done. Dot your i’s and cross your t’s, check your spelling, and do not forget the period at the end of each of your sentences. Writing shows you understand how to fit together facts and bits of information, but when does the real test of knowledge finally come into play? Your writing must express you, while still managing to cover all the appropriate content. All those years ago I wish I would have had someone to teach me that writing could be enjoyable; but for me, it is just another task that must be completed (and a difficult task at that). Writing has always been challenging; a job in other words, which takes time to learn, and despite its best efforts, has attempted to push me to grow. Writing is a tedious job which I must work 110% at, otherwise things would begin to fall apart. I view writing as a task, and I constantly have to push myself to do better and to achieve more, because right now it is just something I do to get done. I have to write, there is no getting around it, and there are definitely no alternative routes I can take to make it any easier. With every assignment, it involves writing, and whether I like it or not, it has to be completed. I have never viewed writing as more than a job or task, because it is something we do so often. I write just to accomplish an assignment; however, in doing so, I have only hurtShow MoreRelatedMy Writing Experience1159 Words   |  5 Pagesdo you think you’ve been writing for? For many, the first lessons on how to read and writer were taught all the way back in elementary school. Over the years I’ve learned more about writing and what it exactly means to be a writer and how we express our ideas in our writing. 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The Contribution of Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies in the Development of Pakistan Economy free essay sample

PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Major Therapeutic Categories Antibiotics, vitamins and analgesics are the top three therapeutic classes in terms of sales by value. Anti-biotic dominate the market with approximately 24% of the market value. Vitamins and analgesics account for 6. 6% and 6% of the market respectively. The vitamins and antibiotics sectors are vital not only because of their large size but also because of their astronomical growth. Sales of antibiotics are growing at 30% per year, while the growth rate in the vitamins segment is 20%. The importance of vitamins in the domestic market is compounded by the fact that being nonessential drugs, their prices are now deregulated. This price deregulation, which occurred in 1993 has enhanced the competition within this therapeutic strata of the market and has placed companies like Abbot, Cyanamid, Pfizer, Sandoz, Squibb and Roche in a privileged position. Well-positioned competitors in the antibiotic arena include Smith Kline, Wyeth Squibb, Sandoz, Pfizer and Wellcome. Seprtan, Amoxil and Ampiclox are three largest selling products in Pakistan. Wellcome produces Septran, whereas the other two are Beecham’s products. The sales of each of these three products are approximately $6 million to $9 million, larger than the total sales of many medium sized companies in the pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan. The following table shows the value sales of the top 10 products: Table 2: THE VALUE SALES OF THE TOP 10 PRODUCTS | | | |PRODUCT |ESTIMATED SALES 1993 (RS. MN) | |Septran (Wellcome) 272 290 | |Amoxil (Beecham) |250 270 | |Ampiclox (Beecham) |160 170 | |Velosef (Squibb) |155 165 | |Neurobion (Merck) |155 165 | |Brufen (Boots) |155 165 | |Tarivid (Hoechst) |140 145 | |Erythrocin (Abbot) |130 140 | |Augmenting (Beecham) |110 | |Postan (P. Davis) |110 | Demand The market size of the pharmaceutical industry is estimated to be around $550 million. The total installed capacity in the private sector is estimated to be 12 billion tablets, 1. 2 million capsules, 312 million ampoules, 173 million vials, 32000 tons of liquid preparations and 2000 tons of semi solid (ointments) preparations. In rupee terms the total pharmaceutical market in 1992-93 worked out to be Rs 20 million. The annual average growth was estimated to be 16. 1%. This growth has been achieved despite the strict price controls. However due to the recent devaluation of the Pak rupee against US dollar, the pharmaceutical industry may find it difficult to maintain their growth rate. Since approximately 95% of the raw material requirements of the industry are met through imports, the recent devaluation will increase the cost of production and may thus have a contractionary impact on the supply of essential drugs. Moreover, the overall effect might be more acute due to the fact that the government heavily regulates the retail prices of medicines. The following table shows the historical and current consumption of drugs and medicines during 1981 to 1993: Table 3: DEMAND FOR DRUGS YEAR |PRODUCTION (MN) |IMPORTS |EXPORTS | | | |(MN) |(MN) | |1987-88 |104 |10 135 |95 | |1988-89 |107 |11042 |103 | |1989-90 |110 |12052 |110 | |1990-91 |114 |14753 |129 | |1991-92 |117 |16803 |144 | |1992-93 |121 |19246 |159 | expansion in demand can be fuelled by discovering and exploiting new export markets. Reasons for excessive market growth 1. An excessive inflow of rural population to the cities is responsible for the increased demand for pharmaceuticals. The present rate of urbanization in the country is 5% per annum. 2. Pakistan’s population is increasing at a rate of 3% per annum and during the last five years per capita income has registered an average annual growth rate of 3% at constant factor costs and about 17% at current factor costs. Hence the expenditure on drugs and medicines have gone up accordingly. 3. The money remitted from abroad has also led to a rise in the expenditure on drugs and medicines. Home remittances increased to the extent of $3000 million per annum. However, in 1992-93 remittances had been reduced to $1562 million. 4. The unethical practice of retailers to sell drugs without prescription is another factor responsible for the growth in the medicine market. Moreover, the sales of spurious drugs at low prices are also adding to drug sales. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS IMPORTS: In the 1950s over 75% of the country’s requirement of medicines was fulfilled by imported medicines in finished form. This has now been reduced to approximately 20%. Presently though, almost 95% of pharmaceutical raw material and almost one third of the formulated drugs are imported. By value, approximately 40% of pharmaceutical sales are imported. There is an import duty of 60% on raw materials. Imports of medical and pharmaceutical products increased from Rs 936 million in 1980-81 to 5980. million in 1992-93, showing an average annual increase of 17. 2%. Import and export of medical and pharmaceutical products for twelve years are given below: Table 8: IMPORT AND EXPORT OF MEDICAL PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS |YEAR |I MPORT |EXPORT |PERCENTAGE | | | | |INCREASE | |c1980-81 |936. 1 |44. 8 |- | |1981-82 |1222. 4 |18. 3 |30. | |1982-83 |1390. 3 |27. 7 |13. 7 | |1983-84 |1799. 8 |43. 2 |29. 4 | |1984-85 |1973. 9 |51. 8 |15. 2 | |1985-86 |2252. 4 |44. 3 |13. 8 | |1986-87 |2638. 2 |47. 8 |17. | |1987-88 |2852. 0 |73. 4 |8. 1 | |1988-89 |3318. 3 |110. 4 |16. 3 | |1989-90 |3723. 4 |382. 0 |12. 2 | |1990-91 |4407. 5 |260. 3 |18. 3 | |1991-92 |5183. 8 |470. 3 |17. | |1992-93 |5980. 1 |514. 5 |15. 3 | Among the different therapeutic classes of medicines imported in the country, antibiotic imports registered a tremendous growth. Import of analgesics is quite insignificant and there has been no import of cough syrups since 1979-80 because domestic production has increased to quite an appreciable extent during the past few years. Antacids are at present not imported in the country. Table 9: PERCENTAGE SHARE IN TOTAL IMPORTS OF DEFFERENT MEDICINES |Medicines |(Rs. Millions) |(% Share in Total) | |Pro vitamins Vitamins |965 |19 | |Antibiotics |957 |19 | |Medicaments NS |2650 |51 | |Medicine containing antibiotic Derives |70 |2 | |Hormones and Derives |123 |9 | |Other |421 |- | |Total |5184 |100 | The cheap unrecorded sources of imports are from Singapore, HongKong, South Korea etc. The recognized sources are the United Kingdom, United States, China, Switzerland, France and Irish Republic. Major suppliers of pharmaceutical are United Kingdom and Germany. They are mainly supplying medications and their market share is around 62. 4%. Suppliers of paracetamol are American companies. Total imports of paracetamol from USA in 1991-92 stood at Rs. 289 million In terms of money Germany supplied Rs. 1448 worth of medicines while UK’s share was Rs. 915 million worth of medicines. Other important sources are Yugoslavia and China, which supply medicines at very low cost. EXPORTS: Exports of pharmaceutical are picking up at a very rapid rate. In 1988-89 exports stood at Rs. 110. 4 million that increased to Rs. 514. 5 million in 1992-93 showing a cumulative rise of 336% in four years. In the last five years average annual increase of exports was 67%. Thirty percent of the total exports went to SriLanka, Djibouti and Nigeria. Other important buyers of Pakistani pharmaceutical were Argentina (6. 7%), U. A. E (5. 86%), Belgium (4. 09%), Bangladesh (3. 80%) and USA (3. 52%). Pakistan can substantially increase the exports of pharmaceutical industry is being threatened in several countries. According to reports in financial Times, UK is becoming an increasing unattractive country for drug manufacturing units. Investments in the UK pharmaceutical industry could be threatened by increasing government controls on prices and demand for drugs. Moreover, increasing animal rights protection is also a cause of major concern for the industry. For regulatory reasons medicines have to be tested for toxicity on two species, only one of which can be a rodent. Some drugs are poorly tolerated by dogs and so have to be tested on primates. Most cardiovascular research is based on dogs, because their internal system is similar to that of human beings. It may be mentioned that six of the world’s top selling drugs was discovered in United Kingdom. At present, Britain has won the highest number of Nobel prizes in the world. However, due to the increase in the protection of animal rights in the recent years, Britain is becoming an unattractive site for future pharmaceutical research. Moreover, cost cutting reforms introduced by the German health care system have focused on heavy controls over drug prescribing. As a result, more than 20% was saved on medicines between January and June 1993, with a significant switch to cheaper off-patent, generic medicines. TAX STRUCTURE In a recent package of incentives offered by the government. The industry will be exempt from duty and sales tax on the import of raw materials for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. The import duty on the import of plant and equipment will also be cut down to only 10%. The raw materials that are used in other industries are also subject to duties, which range from 15 to 65%. However this duty can be reclaimed within 15 months of the production of manufactured drugs. The income tax payable is 37% for public limited companies and 47% for private limited companies. In addition to this the companies also have to pay other taxes such as: Worker profit participation fund 5% on PAT Worker welfare fund2% on PAT EBOI RsRs. 150 per head per month EducationRs. 100 per head per month The companies also have to pay octroi, Property tax, vehicle tax, professional tax and research levy etc. COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE The major proportions of the pharmaceutical industry are composed of 20 well-entrenched competitors, with no player controlling more than 6% of the market. Absence of monopolistic distortions and intense rivalry result in competitive products and superior quality of long term earnings. The major competitors in the pharmaceutical industry can be generally classified under the following headings: Multinational pharmaceutical companies National pharmaceutical companies (under public sector control) Local pharmaceutical companies Importers The multinational companies are responsible 70% of the total manufactured products. Imports contribute around 10% and national and local companies manufacture 20%. The multinational and local companies are diagrammatically opposed not only in their marketing strategies, but also in their sourcing methods and in their dependent on their parent companies. These major multinational companies produce their basic raw materials from parent companies, which also help them with formulation and research and development efforts. As far as marketing is concerned, these giants depend on internationally branded product, which are supported by high budget advertising. On the other hand the local companies basically rely on licensing for their core business. As they are unable to match the advertising budget and expertise of their multinational competitors, these local companies have positioned themselves as â€Å"pushers† of their products by offering higher trade margins. In general MNCs offer their retailers 15% margins whereas the margins that are offered by the local competitors are approximately 20%. Specifically as far as the foreign competition is concerned, almost all of the world’s largest European and US pharmaceutical companies are present in Pakistan, with most of their product range. Thus the world’s most prominent and prestigious brands compete with each other a very small market share in terms of value. The top 20 firms in Pakistan are all affiliates or subsidiaries of multinational companies. Together they capture over 60% of the Market. The top 5 companies include Wellcome, Abbott, Glaxo, SmithKline Beecham and Hoechst. Together they account for nearly 23% of the total market. Following are the tables gives the specific details of the top 10 companies that are operating in Pakistan. (The top 10 companies have been selected on the basis of their rupee sales). Table 10: TABLE SHOWING SALES, MARKET, GROWTH OF THE TOP 10 COMPANIES | |COMPANY |SALES |MARKET |GROWTH | | | |(Rs.. MN) |SHARE (%) |RATE | |1 |ABBOT |913 |5. 51 |26. 8 | |2 |WELLCOME |833 |5. 02 |20. 2 | |3 |GLAXO |757 |4. 57 |10. 0 | |4 |BECHAM |708 |4. 25 |20. 3 | |5 |SANDOZ |603 |3. 4 |16. 5 | |6 |HOECHST |597 |3. 6 |24. 4 | |7 |PFIZER |508 |3. 06 |26. 3 | |8 |MERCK AG |484 |2. 92 |15. 3 | |9 |ROCHE |452 |2. 73 |26. 6 | |10 |SQUIBB |438 |2. 4 |18. 9 | | |TOTAL |6,293 |37. 94 | | ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE The industry is generally profitable and has a pretax profit for MNCs ranging between 12% and 18%. Raw material costs constitute about 60% of all costs. For most MNCs, a significance part of costs are in imported raw material (up to 50% of sales). The stock market recognizes the potential of the pharmaceutical sector and has accordingly, priced it at a sector Price-Earnings ratio of 32. 5 compared to the Pakistani Stock Market P/E of 21. In order to get a better picture of the economic significance, we have complied the financial and strategic aspect of some of the important companies of the industry, which are: ABBOTT LABORATORIES (PAKISTAN) LIMITED Abbott Laboratories (Pakistan) Limited is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan with sales revenues of over Rs. 1. 0 billion. In 1993, it commanded a market share of approximately 5. 5% and maintained the position in 1994. The company was established in 1948 and converted to a public limited company in 1992 with Abbott USA retaining 70% equity. It has factories in Karachi, Multan Rawalpindi while head office in Karachi. The company is also engaged in the manufacture of general health care products that are well known brands like Mospel (mosquito repellant), Selsun Shampoo and Fiberand-Digestive. Abbott is the second largest pharmaceutical company in terms of products offered (61). It has a strong presence in the vitamins and antibiotics market, Erythrocin of Abbott is currently ranked as one of the top ten selling national brands in Pakistan, accounting for about 16% of the companies sales. With the Pak Consulting Engineering (Pvt) Limited of deregulation expected together speed, there will be positive effect of the sales of the company as the antibiotics market holds 20. 6% share in the total market for pharmaceutical products. The company has a tradition for launching new products and new products are expected especially in the general health care sector that is in the slow price regulation category. The one negative side is that the company has not made provisions for a contingent tax liability of Rs. 76 million, while actually not expected to be fully levied the possibility cannot be discounted. As a result the share price of Abbott is below its peer group despite otherwise strong fundamentals. The company’s average compounded growth rate turnover is 20. 5%. It has more than doubled in the last five years, which has made Abbott the market leader in the last three years. Abbott has no long-term debt and it has strong relationship with the major local and foreign banks. Interest cover is currently estimated at 16X as the company is able to negotiate very low short term borrowing rates (11. 7-13. 2%) from banks, due to its strong credit rating in the local market. Gross profit margin has increased from 19. 2% in 1989 to 29. 6% in 1993 indicating better pricing policy and impact of price deregulation in the non-essential drugs segment. In 1993, profit after taxes increased by 111. 8%. The underlying factors were increased volume, a better product mix and government relaxation of price controls. The company’s dividend policy has become very liberal dividends have increased from nil to 1989 to 35% in 1993. KNOLL PHARMACEUTICAL LIMITED Incorporated in 1948 in Pakistan, Knoll pharmaceutical limited is engaged in the production and marketing of ethical drugs and health care products. The company is a subsidiary of Boots company PLC, UK that holds 56% equity. Four investment companies hold another 22% shares, while the remaining shareholding is shared between foreign investors, individuals and financial institutions. The company is a major player in the anti-rheumatics segment with Brufen and in the throat lozenges segment with Strepsils. Knoll has a strong hold over the anti-rheumatics segment with brufen as the market leader having a share of more than 20%. Brufen accounts for over 40% of Boot’s total sales. Boots is well placed in the throat lozenges segment with Strepsils as a major seller. The company is streamlining its operations as evidenced from dis-investment in fixed assets especially the recent divestiture of its food division (sold to Heinz). This points towards a much more focused and dedicated strategy. The company is expected to net about Rs. 160 million from the dale of the food division which it intends to combine with its huge cash reserves to become one of the top players in the pharmaceutical market. Our researched has revealed that Boots is looking for acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and health care sector. Preliminary discussions with a couple of companies are reportedly underway. CIBA-GEIGY (PAKISTAN) LIMITED Ciba-Giegy enters in Pakistan 1951 as one of the earliest in to the pharmaceutical industry. Ciba-Giegy of Switzerland hold 60% equity stake with the balance of large stocks being held by long term institutional investors. Ciba-Geigy manufactures and markets drugs and medicines. It is ranked as the 15th largest company in pharmaceutical in Pakistan, based on the sales of its pharmaceutical products only. 20% of the company’s revenue comes from pharmaceutical products, whereas remaining 80% is derived from agriculture and other products. In 1988 the commercial trading division was closed down due to poor performance. Ciba-Giegy has been struggling in the face of sales an eroding margin due to stiff competition in the agro-chemical/pesticide segment that accounts for 75-80% of its business. Despite a world class percent, Ciba-Giegy has not been able to recover from the shock of 1992 when its profit s were reduced to mere 38% of the previous year’s figure. The company showed a pre-tax loss of Rs. 1. 0 Million in 1993 after being hit by crash in gross margins due to intense competition by unbranded pesticides and rapidly rising financial charges. Ciba-Giegy has however taken steps to stem its slide and is in the process of a major reorganization both at management’s levels as well as marketing. An expected injection of equity should also allow it to improve its leverage and reduce the menace of high financial charges. With EPS growth emerging from negative in 1994 and EPS expected to reach Rs. 3 in 1995 the market appears to have put the past behind in terms of valuation. However we feel that for now Ciba is HOLD candidate. After a pre-tax loss of Rs. 1. 0 million in 1993, Ciba-Giegy is taking the necessary steps to put it on of course of slow but steady recovery. The massive jump in inventories due to inability to sell in the face of stiff competition from unbranded pesticides led to very high cost inventory financing in 1992 and 1993. With better sales in 1994 this is expected to be reduced. The margins, both gross and net, have continued to remain under tremendous pressure due to the above factors, but are expected to improve over the next two years. The current ratio has dropped from 0. 99 to 0. 93 in 1993 while interest cover remains precarious at around IX. CYANAMID (PAKISTAN) LTD Incorporated in 1949, Cyanamid (Pakistan) LTD, is engaged in the sales and manufacture of pharmaceutical with major emphasis on antibiotics, anti-tuberculosis and nutritional drugs. The company is a subsidiary of American Cyanamid Company, USA, which has a 75% stake in the local market. It was converted into a public limited company in 1982. The company’s major products include Myambutol Myrin (anti-tuberculosis), ledermycin (anti-biotic), lederplex incremin (vitamins). Cyanamid is the undisputed leader in the tuberculosis segment of the pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan. With tuberculosis still a menace in this part of world, Cyanamid’s strong positioning hopes well for continued further growth. Additionally, a fairly large proportion of its sales are accounted for by nutritional which underwent complete price deregulation late last year. This will feed through in 1994 accounts leading to massive jump in profitability. Cyanamid recently acquired the agri-business of Shell Pakistan in line with its strategy to diversify into related new fields. The timing is fortuitous as the agriculture sector (mainly cotton) is just coming out of a deep recession of last three-year and is bound to grow very rapidly in the coming two-three years. With growth of 23% in 1993 expected to be repeated in 1994 and gross profit margins remaining over 25% Cyanamid should turn in increased profits in next two years. Financial results of 1993 showed a turnaround after dismissal performance in 1992 mainly due to increase in sales and retail price deregulation by the government. The highlight of the year was the increase in the after tax earnings which grew by 533% (Rs. 19 million as against Rs. 3 million in 1992) after showing negative growth in 1991 and 1992. The 1994 half-year sales were Rs. 285 million versus 1993 half-year sales of Rs. 231 million. With a full year to half-year ratio of 2. the 1993 sales are expected to set a new record. Pre-tax profit margins are rising sharply and this trend is forecasted to continue in the near term. Specific ally, turnover grew by 22. 53% as compared to 16. 3% in 1992 and operating income more than doubled to Rs. 59 million (Rs. 27. 3 million in 1992). ROTA and ROCE recovered to 5% and 18% respectively and are expected to jump sharply in 1994 due to much higher net margins which are forecasted at 10% versus 3. 5% in 1992. FEROZSONS LABORATORIES LTD One of the smaller players in the domestic pharmaceutical industry, Ferozsons is still in consolidation phase after a rough patch in the last two years. The company is diversifying into cosmetics and toiletries while actively seeking partners of this party manufacturing in this segment. Contract manufacture of Vicks Vapor-rub of Procter Gamble, is said to have shown substantial growth. Civil works at the company’s cosmetics factory at the tax free Gadoon industrial estate is almost complete and machinery is reported to have reached the site. Ferozsons appears to have turned the comer and is on a growth pats. It is a candidate for selected buying on weakness, for the long-term pretax profits have shown tremendous improvement of 400% through the absolute quantum is still small. Margins have also edged up with gross margin rising 4% to 32% and net reaching 7. 1% from 0. 8% in the previous period. Interest cover has improved markedly and the current ration has shown improvement rising to 1. 32 versus 1. 16 last year indicating the liquidity is not deteriorating in the short term. The return on capital has jumped to 24% due to sharp rise in net profit. SEARLE PAKISTAN LIMITED Searle Pakistan Ltd was established in 1965, incorporated USA owned 60% shares in the company till year 1992. The UDL group which itself has an annual turnover of more than 6. 0 billion acquired the controlling shares from G. D. Searle in 1993. The board of directors comprises of 7 directors, out of which 6 belong to UDL group. Searle Pakistan Ltd has its plant in Karachi. Its product canderel and hydrallin enjoy market leadership in their respective market segment. The acquisition of Searle by UDL has placed the company in the hands of the largest local distribution company in Pakistan. The company has disproportional benefit from price deregulation, as almost 50% of its sales are free from price controls. The combination of distribution syringes with UDL and potential of significance rise in margins due to continuing deregulation, Searle is expected to begin a solid and sustained growth in market share and profitability. The company has a license to use the name and style of Searle on its products for five years additionally, it will have technical and quality control support from the Searle. It is also engaged in contract manufacturing for ICI, Procter Gamble and Woodwards. With this business expected to rise economics of scale will positively impact gross margins. SPL has set a robust growth path for the next few years with sales rising at ground 25% p. a. gross and net margins jumped in 1993 due to price deregulation allowing the company to attain gross margins of 73%. Continuing price increases should allow gross margins of 40% to be achieved in 94/95. The company’s ROCE has shot up since its acquisition by UDL in 1993 to 28% from 20% in 1992. With UDL’s marketing prowess and price deregulation ROCE will continue to rise to 35% range in 94 and 95. The company remains in a comfortable position in terms of debt servicing with an interest cover of between 4. 8-4. 9, despite a rise in long term debt linked to the take over. SPL is a cash generating company keeping a significance amount of cash in hand. This bodes well for shareholders whether in terms of dividend payout or reinvestment in expansion of business and diversification. PARKE-DAVIS COMPANY LIMITED Parke-Davis Company Ltd is a subsidiary of Parke Davis USA, which has a 75% stake in the local company. The company is involved in the manufacture and marketing of pharmaceutical and to likely preparations. Major brands of Parke-Davis are Ponstan, Chloromycetin and Amodiaquin. The company is major player in the analgesic antibiotic segment and ranks amongst the top 15 companies in the pharmaceutical industry. The stellar performance of Parke-Davis in 1993-94 has set the stage for taking it into big league for top 10 pharmaceutical, in the next years or so. Already one of the marketing leaders in the analgesic segment through its top selling ponstan, Parke-Davis has embarked on a two pronged growth strategy for the future, the results of which are already manifest in past two years results. The company is investing heavily in marketing its globally successful brands in key segments such as cold cough medication, anti-inflammatory medicines etc. At the same time, it is going all out to promote its non-regulated (in price terms) product ranges. The prices of Parke-Davis non- regulated products are still comparatively lower than the prices of some products in neighboring countries. This will allow the company to increase it margins in every segment where it is also increasing volume. The double impact will boost already accelerating profitability further over the next two year. With a prospective P/E of 9 in 1995 at current share prices (and forecasted EPS or Rs 38), the company is extremely attractive as growth stock. Since 1993 Parke-Davis has emerged from a period of consolidation and entered into massive new growth phase with record sales and high profitability. Sales growth has consistently risen over the last 5 years from 16% to a handsome 30%. The company achieved excellent results in 1993 with pre-tax profits jumping to Rs 84. 8 million from Rs 21. 9 million in 1992 as evidence of this new chapter in this dynamic evolution. Gross margin for 1993 was 35. 5% (one of the highest in the industry) as against 21% in 1992. Apart from the sharp rise in sales strict cost management as evident helped it from an increase of only 5. 64% in cost of sales. Net profits registered a four-fold increase from Rs. 12. 5 million in 1992 to Rs 49. 5 million in 1993. The company transferred 86% of 1993 earnings to general reserves (Rs 87. 5 million in 1993 Vs Rs 45 million in 1992). As a result shareholders equity increased from Rs 64. 8 million to 107. million from 1992-93, hence it can finance future expansion through debt. EPS in 1993 was a magnificent Rs 25. 3 as against Rs 6. 5 in 1992. Net asset value per share also increased to Rs 54 in 1993 from Rs 32. 5 in 1992. WYETH LABORATORIES (PAKISTAN) LIMITED Wyeth laboratories was incorporated in 1961 and started commercial production in 1963. It is involved in the manufacturer and marketing of pharmaceutical products. American house products are the holding company of Wyeth with 70% share holds. Another 26% shares are held by financial institutions. The company is a major player in ant-acids (Simeco and Mucaine), anti-biotics and tranquilizers. Wyeth is the major player in the ant-acids segment, with a segment market share or 60% its major products being simeco and mucaine. GLAXO-WELLCOME (PAKISTAN) LTD Glaxo Laboratories (Pakistan) Ltd is a subsidiary of Glaxo group U. K, which has a 70% stake. The company has facilities in Karachi and Lahore for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and food products. Its head office is located in Karachi. The ranked third in the pharmaceutical industry in terms of share volume and first in terms of market capitalization as per 1993 figures. The major brand of Glaxo is Zantac (anti-ulcer) Caponex (anti-biotic) and Betnovate (dermatological). DRUGS DISTRIBUTION The distribution of drugs and medicines in the country may be undertaken in any of the following ways: Through stockiest/wholesalers Through national distributors Through company owed depots Under the first system, the stockiest are appointed in smaller areas like Nawabshah and Mirpurkhas etc, so that each covers a limited region. Stockiest perform simple functions and usually do not undertake sales promotion activities (these are handled by the manufactures staff). Stockiest employ sales-delivery men to cover upcountry regions. Large stockiest who handles a number of accounts may indulge in direct delivery system where spot order/delivery can be made immediately. The terms between stockiest and the retailer as well as between the stockiest and the manufacture varies depending upon the type of product, terms of contact, and the goodwill that each party enjoys. Pfizer and Wellcome use the stockiest system for the distribution of their output. The distribution through company owned depots is normally used by the large manufactures with high turnovers and long product lines. The depots are scattered all over the country and allow the manufacture greater control, as well as direct feedback from the market. The bigger cities have more than one depot. This method is based on the mechanism of the optimum cost of distribution. Direct distribution results in cost savings as the purchase complaints can be efficiently handled. Under the national distribution system, a national distributor acquires the stock from the manufacture warehouse. The distributor works through salesmen who deal with orders and use various incentive schemes and productivity plans to motivate the field staff. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS In 1972, the Drug Generic Act was introduced. After this the Drug Act was introduced in 1976. It gave the government to control the prices of drugs. Under this act, the manufacture, sale, distribution and the profits of the pharma industry were totally regulated by the government. A drug-manufacturing license was granted for a limited period of two years. All selling prices of the drugs were to be fixed by the Ministry of Health. The formula for calculating the price of finished imported medicines, as mentioned before, was cost plus 40% mark-up. In addition tom the formula, the prices fixed for imported medicines were automatically revised on July 5th of each year to allow for the exchange rate fluctuations. Prices of local drugs were determined on a prime cost plus mark-up basis. All manufactures had to comply with the Good Manufacturing practices and other requirements of the Drug Rules of 1976. In 1977 the import of unregistered drugs was banned. This law was followed by the Drugs Rule of 1979. In 1989, the Drugs Labeling and Packing Rules were reinforced. This made it compulsory for the Pharma companies to print the date of manufacture and the date of expiry of all medicines. In 1993, the Economic Co-ordination Committee divided drugs into two categories. The prices of drugs under controlled category were not allowed to be changed at the discretion of manufacturer. Exemption on the import of raw materials, for the manufacture of pharma products had been extended to all drugs registered under the Drugs Act. Protection had been extended to the local infusion solution and in fusion administering sets manufacturing industry through levy of regulatory duty on the imported substitutes. Exemption from customs duty and sales tax had been granted on plant and machinery, which were imported for the establishment of the approved projects for manufacture of Pharma raw materials. This excluded locally manufactured machinery. The Pharma industry was included in the list of key industries under the industrial policy. No new Pharma unit could be set up and license to manufacture drugs without the approval of the EEC/CIPS depending on the cost the project. The standard rate of royalty was kept at 2% for a period of three to five years. In March 1995, the Senate Standing committee on health made some important recommendations to the government with reference to the Pharma industry. The important recommendations are as follows: The government should not allow the Pharma companies the annual increase in the prices of essential drugs keeping in mind the recent price hikes. Effective deterrent legislation should be introduced to check the prices of drugs especially in the controlled category. Protection given through patents should be limited to those products that do not affect the public interest and the import of non-patented/generic drug should be promoted. Tax and tariff reforms suggested encouraging local production of basic raw material. Local prices should be set in comparison with those reigning with in neighboring countries. In May 1995, the Board of Investment announced a package of incentives for the Pharma industry. It is expected that as a direct result of this package the local production costs will fall by about 50%. The main features of the package are: Duty free imports of raw materials to boost the local drugs manufacturing industry. Reduction of imports duty on plant and equipment to 10%. Tariff protection to local manufacturers against the import of raw materials being produced locally. Exemption of the Pharma industry from sales tax. Revision of the debt to equity ratio from 60:40 to 70:30. In addition to the above mentioned regulations, the Pharma industry operates under the following rules: All Pharma products must be registered with the ministry of health. Manufacturers and retail pharmacies must be licensed and doctors must be registered with the Pakistan Medical Council. Pharmacists are not allowed to sell products from unlicensed manufacturers. In addition a special license is required to sell narcotics and controlled drugs. Prescriptions for narcotics must include the prescribing doctor’s registration number. Only products listed in the National Formulary (list of drugs, which may be manufactured, imported or sold in Pakistan) may be imported. Some locally manufactured drugs included in the formulary may not be imported. At least 5% of profits of Pharma companies must be invested in R D. Prices have to be set in accordance with the guidelines provided by the government. The following information’s must be included on the package and insertion: Manufacturer’s name and address, generic name, ingredients, dosage, warnings, indications, contraindications, side effects and precautions. No more than 5% of a company’s turnover may be spent on advertising, sampling and other promotional activities. Prescription Pharmaceuticals may be advertised in medical journals only. Advertising to non-prescription drugs is allowed if necessary information, precautions and prohibited use for certain diseases is made. If a product is found to be defective the manufacturer is bound to recall it. PROS AND CONS OF THE INDUSTRY The Pakistani Pharma industry has been undergoing a great deal of criticism and is probably a victim of misinformation. The defamatory remarks, accusing the manufacturers of marketing and selling the medicines at very high prices were made in certain sections of the press. Though this allegation has no concrete basis, as the Pharma Industry is highly regulated, suspicious do come to mind. Moreover, much has been said accusing the industry of producing low quality drugs and catering to a monopoly. These remarks can do a lot of harm to the industry and measures should be taken to keep the industry from earning a bad name. The salient features of the industry are as follows: 1. It is imperative for the government and the concerned authorities to realize that there should be no discrimination between national multinational companies, and there should be an immediate withdrawal of the decisions of the registration board on this subject. 1. The matter of transfer pricing has been grossly over- emphasized and over criticized for years. A recent study was done by the ministry of health to investigate the so-called transfer pricing by determining the differences in prices of the imported raw materials and the average international prices. A detailed research showed that the much trumpeted transfer pricing was only about 0. 0038% of the total sales volume. Hence the concept of transfer pricing in the Pakistani Pharma industry is virtually non-existent and grossly exaggerated. 1. Prices in new products should be similar to those of existing products. The registration board comprises of many medical and technical experts, who after careful scrutiny and analysis price the product. The analysis of each case is on merit and takes into account several factors before pricing the new product. This process has been effective but the multinationals can quote a lot of cases when the board has initially granted the retail price and then has offered a lower price for the new product. 1. Today it takes about $359 million and about 12 years of research for a research based multinational company to develop a new drug. The notion is that large MNCs capture markets by virtue of patents. Any leading position is obtained on the basis of research and development efforts or medical information. The allegation pertaining to the use of patents as a tool of market supremacy is usually made in developing countries, and a suggested remedy is to abolish these patents. But this allegation is entirely baseless. As mentioned above R D helps the company achieves a leading role, as these companies are responsible for Pharma innovation. They are known worldwide for their high quality products which results in their high market share. The patents are used only to protect their research work; otherwise the companies would not be able to finance its R D due to fear of piracy. Hence such notions against the patent systems prevalent in some segments of our industry are baseless. 1. Since the partial deregulation of the Pharma industry in 1993, the greatest beneficiaries have been the national companies. It can be certified for all 32 MNCs that the prices of controlled products increased by only 5%, where those of decontrolled products increased by 24%. In June 1993 all the companies had the opportunity to increase their retail prices to whatever level they desired. The national companies had the unique opportunity of increasing their prices up to the level of the prices of MNCs products. Hence there does not exist any disparity. 1. The open tender method is probably the most efficient, economical and fair bulk purchasing policy used worldwide. In this system all the companies compete for the business. The Federal government and the Provincial government buying agencies follow the open tender method and are able to purchase quality medicines at low prices. In fact, the government agencies often indulge in intensive price negotiations and orders are finally placed upon the component ones. 1. It is wrong and improper to say that multinationals should be allowed to produce only a few products, as is often proposed by local manufactures. This practice is against international laws equitable business practices. 1. Some of the drugs have to be imported and are not manufacture locally. There are basically two reasons for this fact. One is that some of these drugs are highly specialized and cannot manufactured locally. Secondly, the demand for such drugs is so small that local manufacturing will not be feasible. 1. Despite the hurdles in the manufacturing of chemicals, Pharma MNCs are moving into basic and semi-basic manufacturing. Glaxo is producing most of its major active chemicals locally. Wellcome has set up a huge trimethoprim facility. Hoechst, Cyanamid and Sandoz are also in the field. Beecham is also manufacturing some of its basic chemicals. One local company Pharmagen Beximco has recently entered into basic manufacturing. 10. To save foreign currency and promote the transfer of technology, the government has provided for total basic manufacture of products. These include imported plant and machinery exempted from customs duty and the refund of duty paid on imported process chemicals. 11. The decontrols of nonessential drugs is a potential boom to the industry and could prove to be a gold mine for those companies heavily engaged in the manufacture of such products. The authorities had hinted that the price of the so called decontrolled drugs would be re-decontrolled after 30 June 1995, and that controlled drugs will be allowed another price rise of 7. 5% to 10% towards the end of this year based on a new pricing formula which adjusted for devaluation and inflation.